Superior Index

Print Files: A4 Size.

Book in Text Format (txt).

Chapter 13
Appendix

13.1  Final thoughts

     Of all the things I've lost, I miss my mind the most.

     - From a bumper sticker spotted in Berkeley, California

     By now you know how strongly I feel about the importance of sidestepping the locomotive hurtling toward two out of every three of us.

     Look to your left. Look to your right. Atherosclerosis will deliver an early departure to two of you.

     When you consider the stakes - we're talking life or death here - those aren't very good odds. But for me personally, premature death from a heart attack is not nearly as scary as suffering a non-lethal stroke and having to live the rest of my life without a functioning brain. Let me share one final story to try to illustrate this idea.

     Medical school, as I remember it, was a seemingly endless blur - a procession of days crammed full of powerful images of disease and healing, life and death. One day you'd be in surgery, holding retractors during a coronary bypass, the next might find you administering electroencephalograms (EEGs) or delivering babies. It was sort of like a marathon showing of ER reruns, except these episodes were all too real. You'd catch a little sleep, then jump right back into the maelstrom as the endless succession of intense dramas started all over again.

     Of all the images that bombarded my senses during my medical school years, one remains indelibly etched in my memory. I want to share it with you because it so vividly illustrates why a healthy brain, free of atherosclerotic plaque, is indispensable for all else life has to offer.

     It happened during my junior year. After two years of basic science courses, my classmates and I had finally begun our clinical training. At last, we were seeing real live patients rather than reading about them in textbooks.

     My first clinical assignment was on the neurology wards. Rounds were usually held in the university hospital, but on one appropriately gloomy wintry day, we were summoned to a chronic care facility far removed from the main campus. I'm sure we looked for all the world like a flock of eager ducklings as we trundled along behind Bob Townsend, M.D., our neurology professor.

     After looking in on an assortment of chronic neurological patients, Dr. Townsend stopped abruptly in front of the closed door to a private room. "Please don't talk while we're in this room. I'll explain later." Then he held open the door, and one by one, we quietly filed in.

     Inside, the scene was surreal - - and depressing. The room was darkened and eerily quiet. A gaunt old man in a white hospital gown lay flat in the bed, passive and motionless. His head was propped up on a pillow, and he stared, expressionless, in the general direction of a television set that was turned on but had no picture or sound - - just the fuzz you get when a channel isn't tuned in.

     He didn't react to our presence. No body movement, no utterance, no blink - - just a sunken, glassy gaze. The darkened room, the lifeless yet living man, Dr. Townsend's secrecy - - all of it gave me the willies. My classmates also suspected something unusual was up. They began shooting furtive glances back and forth, as if to say, "This is weird. What gives here?" Though the man was clearly alive, he was, in a sense, more dead than alive.

     Obviously not in a mood to linger, Dr. Townsend performed one of the fastest and most perfunctory neurological exams I've ever seen. Almost as soon as we had entered the room, we found ourselves back outside in the hall.

     Dr. Townsend quickly slipped into teaching mode, grilling our eager little group on comas and strokes and brain syndromes. We weren't the first group of would-be clinicians he'd seen, nor would we be the last. He rapidly moved us through a series of questions designed to help us understand what living brains do, what dead - - or dying - - brains cannot do, and how all this applied to the patient we had just seen.

     Dr. Townsend then explained that this gentleman had totally lost his cognitive functioning as a result of cerebrovascular disease. In effect, atherosclerosis had choked off the blood supply in the arteries feeding his brain. He had been totally unresponsive for years. "Because he is unable to respond, we don't know whether he can see, hear, smell, or even think. That is why I asked you not to talk. It is possible, though rather unlikely, that he could be able to hear you.

     Only his cognitive and motor centers are affected - - not the vegetative ones, which control bodily functions like heart rate and digestion," Dr. Townsend continued. "His vital signs are normal. It is possible that he could perceive or experience stimuli, like our conversation. But because he is totally unable to react to stimuli by initiating voluntary motor behavior, he has absolutely no way of responding. So we don't really know whether he is thinking and, if he is, what he's thinking about."

     When we were just about to move along to the next room, Dr. Townsend - - almost as an afterthought, in a tone that seemed to seek immunity for him and the rest of us from a similar, cruel fate - - quietly revealed the man's identity: "Gentlemen," he said, "that was Theodore Jenkins".

     What a shock. A tingly feeling went up my spine. We all knew the name, but no one had recognized him. That shell of a man was none other than the recently retired president of the university. He had been a mental giant, a man of the most impeccable intellectual credentials. His brain had served him well.

     On the way home, a profound sadness came over me. I wondered how such a fate could befall such an intelligent, accomplished man. To be alive without a functioning brain seemed a horrendous fate. Why did his physical body have to live out its life span when his brain had already checked out? To see him incapacitated that way triggered a cascade of strong feelings and a myriad of questions about life and death.

     Beyond these imponderables, certain facts were clear. Dr. Jenkins was a victim of our medical ignorance. He had suffered the consequences of cerebral atherosclerosis in the days before we knew that this conditions could be prevented and reversed through the kind of diet, supplementation, and exercise described in this book. Deprived of these protections, atherosclerosis had choked off the blood supply to his brain cells.

     Thanks to what we've learned in the 40 or so years since this scenario played out, we now have the ability to protect the brain, heart, and entire vascular system from the ravages of atherosclerosis. The information in this book can help you protect that vital resource between your ears so you can keep your mind's fires burning as brightly as possible for as long as possible.

     So - one last time - I strongly urge you to GET TESTED!

13.2  About the author

Figure 13.1: Timothy J. Smith, M.D.

     Timothy J. Smith, M.D. has been studying and practicing alternative, nutritional, and conventional healing principles for over 40 years. As an undergraduate he drifted about, accumulating transcripts from the University of Wisconsin, University of Illinois, Northwestern University, and Harvard University. In his early 20s he set his sights on a career in medicine. He graduated from the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine in 1970, completed his internship at the Presbyterian Hospital, Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco and his residency at the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center. He subsequently established a general family practice in Berkeley, California, where he integrated conventional medical practice with alternative modalities and molecular medicine. Dr. Smith's current practice consists of telephone consultations with doctors and patients around the world. He specializes in difficult diagnoses and designs alternative and integrative medical treatment programs for a wide variety of medical conditions, including nutritional medicine protocols for the reversal of atherosclerotic heart and cardiovascular disease.

     A longtime student and advocate of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Dr. Smith was instrumental in introducing acupuncture to the American medical community. In 1972, he founded the first publicly funded acupuncture clinic in the United States. In 1977, Dr. Smith joined the first delegation of American physicians practicing Chinese Traditional Medicine to visit the People's Republic of China. Dr. Smith is a founding member of the American Academy of Medical Acupuncture and past vice president of the American Acupuncture Association and has participated in designing the first national American Academy of Medical Acupuncture certification examination for physicians and the state licensing examinations for non-physician acupuncturists in California and Florida.

     Recognizing that the same concepts that apply to healing are also effective for prevention, and with a career-long interest in deciphering the biochemical causes of illness, in the 1980s Dr. Smith shifted his focus to clinical applications of new research developments in molecular and cell biology. His emphasis on prescribing nontoxic, plant-based medicines signals a shift in the dominant medical paradigm away from symptom-suppressing pharmaceuticals and toward natural medicines that address the underlying molecular biological causes of disease and nourish the healing process. To encourage application of these principles in everyday life, in 1999 Dr. Smith published Renewal: The Anti-Aging Revolution (Rodale Press; St. Martin's Press), a 680 page book presenting a program of diet, supplementation, and exercise for slowing and reversing the aging process and creating optimum health.

     After publishing Renewal, Dr. Smith turned his attention to applying the latest research developments in molecular biology and nutritional medicine to prevent and reverse atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (heart attack and stroke). This book represents the culmination of that work, with astonishingly successful outcomes in hundreds of patients over a span of fifteen years.

     Dr. Smith is a member of numerous professional organizations, including the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, the American College for the Advancement of Medicine, and the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine.

     Dr. Smith lives in Sebastopol, California, with his wife, Dellie, and their two daughters.

13.3  More information

     Please feel free to contact the author at drsmith@renewalresearch.com. For more information, updated versions of this book, and other writings by Dr Smith, go to www.timsmithmd.com.

     To purchase products mentioned in this book, go to www.renewalresearch.com.

13.4  References

Bibliography

[1]

Timothy J. Smith. The Anti-Aging Revolution.

Chapter 2 - Atherosclerosis, the Silent Killer and

Chapter 4 - An Epidemic of Staggering Proportions

[2]

1. Braunwald E. Shattuck Lecture - cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1360-1369.

[3]

2. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2008 Update, American Heart Association.

[4]

3. Hodgson TA, Cohen AJ. Medical care expenditures for selected circulatory diseases: opportunities for reducing national health expenditures. Med Care. 1999;37:994-1012.

[5]

4. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services; Office of the Actuary. National health care expenditure amounts, and annual percentage change by type of expenditure: calendar years 2001-2016. Baltimore, Md.: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2007; http:// www.cms.hhs.gov/NationalHealthExpendData downloads/proj2006.pdf.

[6]

5. Rice DP, Hodgson TA, Kopstein AN. The economic costs of illness: a replication and update. Health Care Financ Rev. 1985;7:61-80.

[7]

6. Historical Income Tables - People: Table P39: Full-time, Year-Round, All Workers by Mean Income and Sex: 1960 to 2005. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007

[8]

7. Deaths for 358 Selected Causes by 5-Year Age Groups, Race, and Sex, United States, 1999-2004. Hyattsville, Md.: Department of Health and Human Services, 2007

[9]

8. AHA Statistical Update: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2006 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2006;113:e85-e151.

[10]

9. Cardiovascular diseases: comparisons. American Heart Association 1997 Statistics Fact Sheet.

[11]

10. Cardiovascular diseases: mortality. American Heart Association 1997 Statistics Fact Sheet.

[12]

11. International cardiovascular disease statistics. American Heart Association 1997 Biostatistical Fact Sheet.

[13]

12. Cardiovascular diseases: medical procedures and facilities. American Heart Association 1997 Statistics Fact Sheet.

[14]

13. Cardiovascular diseases: economic cost. American Heart Association 1997 Statistics Fact Sheet.

[15]

14. Cardiovascular diseases: prevalence. American Heart Association 1997 Statistics Fact Sheet.

[16]

15. Castelli WP. Lipids and risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Epidemiol - 01-JAN-1992; 2 (1-2): 23-8.

[17]

16. American heart Association, American Stroke Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2006 Update.

[18]

17. Greenlund KJ, Keenan NL, Giles WH, Zheng ZJ, Neff LJ, Croft JB, Mensah GA. Public recognition of major signs and symptoms of heart attack: seventeen states and the U.S. Virgin Islands, 2001. American Heart Journal. 2004;147:1010-6.

[19]

18. Mackay J, Mensah GA. The Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2004.

[20]

19. Anderson KM, Castelli WP, Levy D. Cholesterol and mortality. 30 years of follow-up from the Framingham study. JAMA 1987; 257 (16):2176-80.

[21]

20. CDC. Deaths: Leading Causes for 2002. National Vital Statistics Reports 2005;53 (17) 21. Hayes DK, Greenlund KJ, Denny CH, Keenan NL, Croft JB. Disparities in multiple risk factors for heart disease and stroke, 2003. MMWR. 2005;54: 113-116.

[22]

22. Rosenfeld,M.E, Blessing, E., Lin, T.M. Moazed, T.C., Campbell, L.A., and Kuo, C. Chlamydia, Inflammation, and Atherogenesis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;181:S492-S497

[23]

23. CDC. Health, United States, 2005 With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics;2005.

[24]

24. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2006 Update. American Heart Association

[25]

25. Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, Ayala C, Greenlund K, Keenan NL, Neff L, Wattigney WA, Mensah GA. State specific mortality from sudden cardiac death: United States, 1999. MMWR. 51:123-126, 2002.

[26]

26. Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Anderson RN, Scott C. Deaths: Final data for 2002. National vital statistics reports; vol 53 no 5. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics; 2004.

Chapter 5 - Atherogenesis: How Arteries Fail

[27]

1. Steinberg, D. The cholesterol controversy is over. Why did it take so long? Circulation 1989;80;1070-1078 .

[28]

2. Steinberg, Daniel. Atherogenesis in perspective: Hypercholesterolemia and inflammation as partners in crime. Nature Medicine 8, 1211 - 1217 (2002).

[29]

3. Goldstein, J.L., Ho, Y.K., Basu, S.K. & Brown, M.S. Binding site on macrophages that mediates uptake and degradation of acetylated low density lipoprotein, producing massive cholesterol deposition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 333-337 (1979).

[30]

4. Ross R. Factors influencing atherogenesis. Hurst JW, Schlant RC, Rackley CE, Sonnenblick EH, Wenger NK, editors. The heart, arteries and veins. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990: 877-923.

[31]

5. Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115-126. 6. Steinbrecher, U.P., Parthasarathy, S., Leake, D.S., Witztum, J.L. & Steinberg, D. Modification of low density lipoprotein by endothelial cells involves lipid peroxidation and degradation of low density lipoprotein phospholipids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 3883-3887 (1984).

[32]

7. Steinberg, D. & Witztum, J.L. in Molecular Basis of Cardiovascular Disease (ed. Chien, K.R.) 458-475 (W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1999).

[33]

8. Quinn, M.T., Parthasarathy, S., Fong, L.G. & Steinberg, D. Oxidatively modified low density lipoproteins: a potential role in recruitment and retention of monocyte/macrophages during atherogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 2995-2998 (1987).

[34]

9. Aggoun Y, Farpour-Lambert NJ, Marchand LM, Golay E, Maggio AB, Beghetti M. Impaired endothelial and smooth muscle functions and arterial stiffness appear before puberty in obese children and are associated with elevated ambulatory blood pressure. Eur Heart J. 2008 Mar;29 (6):792-9.

[35]

10. Malden L.T., Chaitll A., Raines E.W., and Ross R. The Influence of Oxidatively Modified Low Density Lipoproteins on Expression of Platelet-derived Growth Factor by Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1991:I266;21:13901-13907.

[36]

11. Rajavashisth,T.B. et al. Inflammatory cytokines and oxidized low density lipoproteins increase endothelial cell expression of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 11924-11929 (1999).

[37]

12. Steinberg D., Parthasarathy S., Carew T.E., Khoo J.C. & Witztum J.L. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 915-924 (1989).

[38]

13. Cai H, Harrison DG. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress. Circ Res. 2000 Nov 10;87 (10):840-4.

[39]

14. Reaven P D and Witztum J L. Oxidized Low Density Lipoproteins in Atherogenesis: Role of Dietary Modification. Annual Review of Nutrition 1996;16:51-71.

[40]

15. Cushing S.D. et al. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5134-5138 (1990).

[41]

16. Pitas R.E. Expression of the acetyl low density lipoprotein receptor by rabbit fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Up-regulation by phorbol esters. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 12722-12727 (1990).

[42]

17. Aird WC. Phenotypic heterogeneity of the endothelium: I. Structure, function, and mechanisms. Circ Res. 2007 Feb 2;100 (2):158-73.

[43]

18. Skalen K. et al. Subendothelial retention of atherogenic lipoproteins in early atherosclerosis. Nature 417, 750-754 (2002).

[44]

19. Nitenberg A. Hypertension, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 2006 Oct;99 (10):915-21.

[45]

20. Smith E.B. Transport, interactions and retention of plasma proteins in the intima: the barrier function of the internal elastic lamina. Eur. Heart J 11, 72-81 (1990).

[46]

21. Han K.H., Han I.O., Green S.R. & Quehenberger O. Expression of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor CCR2 is increased in hypercholesterolemia: differential effects of plasma lipoproteins on monocyte function. J. Lipid Res. 40, 1053-1063 (1999).

[47]

22. Brocq ML, Leslie SJ, Milliken P, Megson IL. Endothelial dysfunction: from molecular mechanisms to measurement, clinical implications, and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2008 Sep;10 (9):1631-74.

[48]

23. Ridker P.M., et al. Should C-Reactive Protein Be Added to Metabolic Syndrome and to Assessment of Global Cardiovascular Risk? Circulation, 2004;109:2818-282.

[49]

24. Münzel T, Sinning C, Post F, Warnholtz A, Schulz E. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognostic implications of endothelial dysfunction. Ann Med. 2008;40 (3):180-96.

[50]

25. Yavuz BB, Yavuz B, Sener DD, et al. Advanced age is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy elderly subjects. Gerontology. 2008;54 (3):153-6.

[51]

26. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227-239.

Chapter 7 - Lipoproteins and the Lipid Panel: Cholesterol and LDL, Triglycerides, HDL, VLDL

[52]

1. Steinberg, Daniel. Atherogenesis in perspective: Hypercholesterolemia and inflammation as partners in crime. Nature Medicine 8, 1211 - 1217 (2002).

[53]

2. Yen-Ming Chan, Isabelle Demonty, Dori Pelled, Peter J. H. Jones. Olive oil containing olive oil fatty acid esters of plant sterols and dietary diacylglycerol reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreases the tendency for peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. The British journal of nutrition (2007) Volume: 98, Issue: 3, Pages: 563-570

[54]

3. Goldstein, J.L. & Brown, M.S. The low-density lipoprotein pathway and its relation to atherosclerosis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46, 897-930 (1977).

[55]

4. Olsson, Ole Færgeman, John Kjekshus, Hans Wedel, Kåre Berg, Lars Wilhelmsen, Torben Haghfelt, Gudmundur Thorgeirsson, Kalevi Pyörälä, Tatu Miettinen, Bjørn Christophersen, Jonathan A. Tobert, Thomas A. Musliner and Thomas J. Cook, Terje R., Pedersen, Anders G. Lipoprotein Changes and Reduction in the Incidence of Major Coronary Heart Disease Events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation 1998;97;1453-1460.

[56]

5. Leren P. The effect of plasma cholesterol lowering diet in male survivors of myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scand[Suppl] 1966;466:1-92.

[57]

6. Cockerill GW, Rye K-A, Gamble JR, Vadas MA, Barter PJ. High-density lipoproteins inhibit cytokine-induced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1987-1994.

[58]

7. Colome C, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Vidal F, de Castellarnau C, Badimon L. Small oxidative changes in atherogenic LDL concentrations irreversibly regulate adhesiveness of human endothelial cells: effect of the lazaroid U74500A. Atherosclerosis 2000;149:295-302.

[59]

8. Steven M. Haffner, MD; Charles M. Alexander, MD; Thomas J. Cook, MS; Stephen J. Boccuzzi, PhD; Thomas A. Musliner, MD; Terje R. Pedersen, MD; John Kjekshus, MD; Kalevi Pyörälä, MD; for the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Reduced Coronary Events in Simvastatin-Treated Patients With Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetes or Impaired Fasting Glucose Levels

[60]

9. Subgroup Analyses in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2661-2667.

[61]

10. Doi H, Kugiyama K, Oka H, Sugiyama S, Ogata N, Koide SI, Nakamura SI, Yasue H. Remnant lipoproteins induce proatherothrombogenic molecules in endothelial cells through a redox-sensitive mechanism. Circulation 2000;102:670-676.

[62]

11. Jørgen Jeppesen, MD; Hans Ole Hein, MD; Poul Suadicani, DD; ; Finn Gyntelberg, MD Triglyceride Concentration and Ischemic Heart Disease: An Eight-Year Follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study. Circulation. 1998;97:1029-1036.

[63]

12. Cullen, Paul. Evidence that triglycerides are an independent coronary heart disease risk factor. American Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 86, Nov 1, 2000, 943-49.

[64]

13. Slyper, AH: Low-density lipoprotein density and atherosclerosis: unraveling the connection. JAMA 272:305-308, 1994.

[65]

14. Nurtjahja-Tjendraputra E, Ammit AJ, Roufogalis BD, Tran VH, Duke CC. Effective anti-platelet and COX-1 enzyme inhibitors from pungent constituents of ginger. Thromb Res. 2003;111 (4-5):259-65.

[66]

15. Dale et al. Statins and cancer risk. JAMA 295:74-80 (2006). 16. Ramirez-Bosca A, Soler A, Carrion-Gutierrez MA, et al. Antioxidant curcuma extracts decrease the blood lipid peroxide levels of human subjects. Age, 1995, 167-169.

[67]

17. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr 2004;23 (3):423-33.

[68]

18. Ramirez-Bosca A, Carrion-Gutierrez MA, Soler A. et al. Effects of the antioxidant turmeric on lipoprotein peroxides: implications for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Age, 1997, 20: 165-168.

[69]

19. Cloarec, M, Caillard, P, Provost, J-C, Dever, J-M, Elbeze, Y,Zamaria, N. Glisodin, A Vegetal SOD With Gliadin as Preventive Agent vs. Atheroscerosis, as Confirmed with Carotid Ultrasound-B Imaging. European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2007, 39 (2).

[70]

20. Moosmann, Behl. Hypothesis: selenoprotein synthesis and side-effects of statins. Lancet 363:892-4 (2004).

[71]

21. Wagstaff LR, Mitton MW, Arvik BM, Doraiswamy PM. Statin-associated memory loss: analysis of 60 case reports and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:871-880.

[72]

22. Brass LM, Alberts MJ, Sparks L. An assessment of statin safety by neurologists. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97[suppl]:86C-88C.

[73]

23. Fuhrman et al. Pomegranate juice inhibits oxidized LDL uptake and cholesterol biosynthesis in macrophages. J Nutr Biochem 16:570-6 (2005).

[74]

24. Warner et al. Inhibition of selenoprotein synthesis by selenocysteine tRNA[Ser]Sec lacking isopentyladenosine. J Biol Chem 275:28110-9 (2000).

[75]

25. Kim ND, Mehta R, Yu W, et al. Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002;71 (3):203-17.

[76]

26. Aviram, M and Dornfeld, L. Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure. Atherosclerosis 158:195-8 (2001).

[77]

27. Toi M, Bando H, Ramachandran C, et al. Preliminary studies on the anti-angiogenic potential of pomegranate fractions in vitro and in vivo. Angiogenesis 2003;6 (2):121-8.

[78]

28. Onder et al. Relation between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and muscle strength and physical function in older women: an observational study. Lancet 359:926-30 (2002).

[79]

29. Mori-Okamoto J, Otawara-Hamamoto Y, Yamato H, Yoshimura H. Pomegranate extract improves a depressive state and bone properties in menopausal syndrome model ovariectomized mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;92 (1):93-101.

[80]

30. Aviram M, Dornfeld L, Rosenblat M, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71 (5): 1062-76.

[81]

31. Kawaii S, Lansky EP. Differentiation-promoting activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit extracts in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. J Med Food 2004;7 (1):13-8.

[82]

32. Di Bari et al. Antihypertensive medications and differences in muscle mass in older persons: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 52:961-6 (2004).

[83]

33. Michael D. Sumner, Melanie Elliott-Eller, Gerdi Weidner, Jennifer J. Daubenmier, Mailine H. Chew, Ruth Marlin, Caren J. Raisin and Dean Ornish. Effects of Pomegranate Juice Consumption on Myocardial Perfusion in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease. American Journal of Cardiology, September 15 2005, vol 9:6; 810-814.

[84]

34. Carter et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, body composition, and physical performance in aged rats. J Gerontol: Biol Sci 59A (5):416-23 (2004).

[85]

35. Actis-Goretta et al. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity by flavan-3-ols and procyanidins. FEBS Lett 555:597-600 (2003).

[86]

36. Carter et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition intervention in elderly persons: effects on body composition and physical performance. J Gerontol 60A (11):1437-46 (2005).

[87]

37. Kohno H, Suzuki R, Yasui Y, et al. Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid suppresses chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Sci 2004;95 (6): 481-6.

[88]

38. Actis-Goretta et al. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme activity by flavanol-rich foods. J Agric Food Chem 54:229-34 (2006).

[89]

39. Aviram M, Dornfeld L. Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure. Atherosclerosis 2001:158:195-198.

[90]

40. Holvoet, P et al. Circulating Oxidized LDL Is a Useful Marker for Identifying Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21;844-84.

[91]

41. Nagy, L et al. Oxidized LDL Regulates Macrophage Gene Expression through Ligand Activation of PPAR_γ. Cell, Volume 93, Issue 2, 229-240, 17 April 1998

[92]

42. de Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Botti C, Sica V, Ignarro LJ, Napoli C. Pomegranate juice reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human coronary endothelial cells. Nitric Oxide. 2006 Nov;15 (3):259-63.

[93]

43. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;23 (3):423-33.

[94]

44. Sumner MD, Elliott-Eller M, Weidner G, et al. Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Sep 15;96 (6):810-4.

[95]

45. Ignarro LJ, Byrns RE, Sumi D, de Nigris F, Napoli C. Pomegranate juice protects nitric oxide against oxidative destruction and enhances the biological actions of nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide. 2006 Sep;15 (2):93-102.

[96]

46. de Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Sica V, et al. Effects of a pomegranate fruit extract rich in punicalagin on oxidation-sensitive genes and eNOS activity at sites of perturbed shear stress and atherogenesis. Cardiovasc Res. 2007 Jan 15;73 (2):414-23.

[97]

47. Balzer J, Rassaf T, Heiss C, et al. Sustained benefits in vascular function through flavanol-containing cocoa in medicated diabetic patients a double-masked, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Jun 3;51 (22):2141-9.

[98]

48. Heiss C, Dejam A, Kleinbongard P, et al. Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols. JAMA. 2003 Aug 27;290 (8):1030-1.

[99]

49. Holt RR, Schramm DD, Keen CL, Lazarus SA, Schmitz HH. Chocolate consumption and platelet function. JAMA. 2002 May 1;287 (17):2212-3.

[100]

50. Grassi D, Necozione S, Lippi C, et al. Cocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives. Hypertension. 2005 Aug;46 (2):398-405.

[101]

51. Baba S, Natsume M, Yasuda A, et al. Plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL concentrations are altered in normo-and hypercholesterolemic humans after intake of different levels of cocoa powder. J Nutr. 2007 Jun;137 (6):1436-41.

[102]

52. Campia U, Panza JA. Flavanol-rich cocoa a promising new dietary intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Jun 3;51 (22):2150-2.

[103]

53. Wang-Polagruto JF, Villablanca AC, Polagruto JA, et al. Chronic consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa improves endothelial function and decreases vascular cell adhesion molecule in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2006;47 Suppl 2S177-86.

[104]

54. Schnorr O, Brossette T, Momma TY, et al. Cocoa flavanols lower vascular arginase activity in human endothelial cells in vitro and in erythrocytes in vivo. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008 Mar 6.

[105]

55. Faridi Z, Njike VY, Dutta S, Ali A, Katz DL. Acute dark chocolate and cocoa ingestion and endothelial function: a randomized controlled crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jul;88 (1):58-63.

[106]

56. McCord JM, Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J Biol Chem. 1969 Nov 25;244 (22):6049-55.

[107]

57. McCord JM, Edeas MA. SOD, oxidative stress and human pathologies: a brief history and a future vision. Biomed Pharmacother. 2005 May;59 (4):139-42.

[108]

58. Melov S. Mitochondrial oxidative stress. Physiologic consequences and potential for a role in aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000 Jun;908:219-25.

[109]

59. Behndig A, Karlsson K, Reaume AG, Sentman ML, Marklund SL. In vitro photochemical cataract in mice lacking copper-zinc superoxide dismutase. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Sep 15;31 (6):738-44.

[110]

60. Landmesser U, Spiekermann S, Dikalov S, et al. Vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure: role of xanthine-oxidase and extracellular superoxide dismutase. Circulation. 2002 Dec 10;106 (24):3073-8.

[111]

61. Pansarasa O, Castagna L, Colombi B, Vecchiet J, Felzani G, Marzatico F. Age and sex differences in human skeletal muscle: role of reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Res. 2000 Sep;33 (3):287-93.

[112]

62. Wang J, Lu Z, Chi J, Wang W, Su M, Kou W, Yu P, Yu L, Chen L, ZhuJ-S, Chang J. A multi-center clinical trial of the serum lipid lowering effects of a Monascus purpureus (red yeast) rice preparation from traditional Chinese medicine. Curr Ther Res 1997;58:964-78.

[113]

63. Cloarec M, Caillard P, Provost JC, et al. GliSODin, a vegetal sod with gliadin, as preventative agent vs. atherosclerosis, as confirmed with carotid ultrasound-B imaging. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Feb;39 (2):45-50.

[114]

64. Vouldoukis I, Conti M, Krauss P, et al. Supplementation with gliadin-combined plant superoxide dismutase extract promotes antioxidant defences and protects against oxidative stress. Phytother Res. 2004 Dec;18 (12):957-62.

[115]

65. Ma J, Li Y, Ye Q, Li J, Hua Y, Ju D, Zhang D, Cooper R, Chang M. Constituents of red yeast rice, a traditional Chinese food and medicine. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:5220-5.

[116]

66. Schubert, S.Y., Lansky, E.P., Neeman, I., 1999. Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 66, 11-7.

[117]

67. Kim, N.D., Mehta, R., Yu, W., Neeman, I., Livney, T., Amichay, A., Poirier, D., Nicholls, P., Kirby, A., Jiang, W., Mansel, R., Ramachandran, C., Rabi, T., Kaplan, B., Lansky E., 2002. Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 71, 203-17.

[118]

68. Hora, J.J., Maydew, E.R., Lansky, E.P., Dwivedi, C., 2003. Chemopreventive effects of pomegranate seed oil on skin tumor development in CD1 mice. Journal of Medicinal Food 6, 157-61.

[119]

69. Toi, M., Bando, H., Ramachandran, C., Melnick, S.J., Imai, A., Fife, R.S., Carr, R.E., Oikawa, T., Lansky, E.P., 2003. Preliminary studies on the anti-angiogenic potential of pomegranate fractions in vitro and in vivo. Angiogenesis 6, 121-8.

[120]

70. van Elswijk, D.A., Schobel, U.P., Lansky, E.P., Irth, H., van der Greef, J., 2004. Rapid dereplication of estrogenic compounds in pomegranate (Punica granatum) using on-line biochemical detection coupled to mass spectrometry. Phytochemistry 65, 233-41.

[121]

71. Kawaii, S., Lansky, E.P., 2004. Differentiation-promoting activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit extracts in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Journal of Medicinal Food 7, 13-8.

[122]

72. Mehta, R., Lansky, E.P., 2004. Breast cancer chemopreventive properties of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit extracts in a mouse mammary organ culture. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 13, 345-8.

[123]

73. Albrecht, M., Jiang, W.,, Kumi-Diaka, J., Lansky, E.P., Gommersall, L.M., Patel, A., Mansel, R.E., Neeman, I., Geldof, A.A., Campbell, M.J. , 2004. Pomegranate extracts potently suppress proliferation, xenograft growth, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells. Journal of Medicinal Food 7, 274-83.

[124]

74. Lansky, E.P., Jiang, W., Mo, H., Bravo, L., Froom, P., Yu, W., Harris, N.M., Neeman, I., Campbell, M.J., 2005. Possible synergistic prostate cancer suppression by anatomically discrete pomegranate fractions. Investigational New Drugs 23, 11-20.

[125]

75. Lansky, E.P., Harrison, G., Froom, P., Jiang, W.G., 2005. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) pure chemicals show possible synergistic inhibition of human PC-3 prostate cancer cell invasion across Matrigel. Investigational New Drugs 23, 121-2. Erratum in: Investigational New Drugs 2005, 23, 379.

[126]

76. Lansky, E.P., von Hoff, D.D., 2005. Complex and simple. Leukemia Research 29, 601-2.

[127]

77. Aslam, M.N., Lansky, E.P., Varani, J., 2006. Pomegranate as a cosmeceutical source: pomegranate fractions promote proliferation and procollagen synthesis and inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in human skin cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103, 311-8.

[128]

78. Lansky, E.P., 2006. Beware of pomegranates bearing 40% ellagic acid. Journal of Medicinal Food 9, 119-22.

[129]

79. Lansky, E.P., Newman, R.A., 2007. Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for the prevention and treatment of cancer and inflammation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 109, 177-206.

[130]

80. Katz, S.R., Newman, R.A., Lansky, E.P., 2007. Punica granatum: Heuristic treatment for diabetes mellitus. Journal of Medicinal Food 10, 213-7.

[131]

81. Coimbra S, Santos-Silva A, Rocha-Pereira P, Rocha S, Castro E. Green tea consumption improves plasma lipid profiles in adults. Nutr Res. 2006 Nov;26 (11):604-7.

[132]

82. Agric. Food Chem., 49 (11), 5639-5645, 2001. 10.1021/jf010275d S0021-8561 (01) 00275-8.

[133]

83. Sano J, Inami S, Seimiya K, Ohba T, Sakai S, Takano T, Mizuno K. Effects of green tea intake on the development of coronary artery disease. Circ J. 2004 Jul;68 (7):665-70.

[134]

84. Sasazuki S, Kodama H, et al. Relation between green tea consumption and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis among Japanese men and women. Ann Epidemiol 2000 Aug; 10 (6):401-8 2000.

[135]

85. Bursill, C, Roach, C D. Bottema, K. and Pal, S. Green Tea Upregulates the Low- Density Lipoprotein Receptor through the Sterol-Regulated Element Binding Protein in HepG2 Liver Cells. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49 (11), pp 5639-5645.

[136]

86. Maron DJ, Lu GP, Cai NS, Wu ZG, Li YH, Chen H, Zhu JQ, Jin XJ, Wouters BC, Zhao J Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jun 23;163 (12):1448-53.

[137]

87. Kaul D, Sikand K, Shukla AR. Effect of green tea polyphenols on the genes with atherosclerotic potential. Phytother Res. 2004 Feb;18 (2):177-9.

[138]

88. Anderson JW et al. Selective effects of different antioxidants on oxidation of lipoproteins from rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998;218:376-81.

[139]

89. Green tea consumption and serum lipids and lipoproteins in a population of healthy workers in Japan. Ann Epidemiol. 2002 Apr;12 (3):157-65.

[140]

90. Tokunaga S, White IR, Frost C, Tanaka K, Kono S, Tokudome S, Akamatsu T, Moriyama T, Zakouji H. Green tea consumption and serum lipids and lipoproteins in a population of healthy workers in Japan. Ann Epidemiol. 2002 Apr;12 (3):157-65.

[141]

91. Liu YJ, Pan BS. Inhibition of fish gill lipoxygenase and blood thinning effects of green tea extract. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jul 28;52 (15):4860-4.

[142]

92. Bravo L, Abia R et al. Degradation of polyphenols (catechin and tannic acid) in the rat intestinal tract. Effect on colonic fermentation and fecal output. Br J Nutr 1994;71:933-46.

[143]

93. Chan MM et al. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and enzyme activity by epigallocatechin gallate, a natural product from green tea. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 54:1281-86.

[144]

94. Chen ZY, Chan PT. Antioxidant activity of green tea catechins in canola oil. Chem Phys Lipids 1996; 82:163-72.

[145]

95. Choi JH et al. Effects of green tea catechins on hepatic microsomal phospholipase. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 1998; 44:673-83.

[146]

96. Chung HY et al. Peroxynitrite-scavenging activity of green tea tannin. J Agric Food Chem 1998; 46:4484-86.

[147]

97. Hara Y. Influence of tea catechins on the digestive tract. J Cel Biochem 1997; Suppl 27:52-58.

[148]

98. Hayashi M et al. Effects of green tea extract on galactosamine-induced hepatic injury in rats. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1992; 100:391-99.

[149]

99. Huang Y, Zhang AQ, et al. Vasorelaxant effects of purified green tea catechin derivatives in rat mesenteric artery. Life Sciences 1998;63:275-283.

[150]

100. Imai K, Nakachi K. Cross-sectional study of effects of drinking green tea on cardiovascular and liver diseases. BMJ 1995;310:693-96.

[151]

101. Kabuto H et al. Monoamine metabolites, iron induced seizures, and the anticonvulsant effects of tannins. Neurochem Res 1992; 6:585-90.

[152]

102. Kaneko T, Matsuo M, Baba N. Inhibition of linoleic acid hydroperoxide-induced toxicity in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells by catechins. Chem Biol Interact 1998; 114:109-19.

[153]

103. Karawya Ms. Et al. Diphenylamine, an antihyperglycemic agent from onion and tea. J Natural Prod 1984; 47:775-80.

[154]

105. Keli SO et al. Dietary flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins, and incidence of stroke: the Zutphen study. Arch Intern Med 1995; 156:637-42.

[155]

106. Kreydiyyeh SI et al. Tea extract inhibits intestinal absorption of glucose and sodium in rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 1994;108:359-65.

[156]

107. Lean ME et al. Dietary flavonols protect diabetic human lymphocytes against oxidative damage to DNA. Diabetes 1999; 48:176-81.

[157]

108. Lin AM et al. The antioxidant property of green tea against iron-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Chin J Physiol 1998; 41:189-94.

[158]

109. Lin YL, Cheng CY, et al. Hypolipidemic effect of green tea leaves through induction of antioxidant and phase II enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase in rats. J Agricult Food Chem 1998;46:1893-99.

[159]

110. Lin YL, Lin JK. Epigallocatechin gallate blocks the induction of nitric oxide synthase by downregulating lipopolysaccharide-induced activity of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52:465-72.

[160]

111. Lu LH, Lee SS, Huang HC. Epigallocatechin suppression of proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells: correlation with c-jun and JNK. Brit J Pharmacol 1998;124:1227-37.

[161]

112. Matsuoka Y et al. Ameliorative effects of tea catechins on active oxygen-related nerve cell injuries. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274:602-8.

[162]

113. Mazzio EA et al. Food constituents attenuate monoamine oxidase activity and peroxide levels in C6 astrocyte cells. Planta Med 1998;64:603-6.

[163]

114. Nakane H, Ono K. Differential inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase and various DNA and RNA polymerases by some catechin derivatives. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 1989; (21): 115-16.

[164]

115. Nakao M, Takio S, Ono K. Alkyl peroxyl radical scavenging activity of catechins. Phytochemistry 1998;49:2379-82.

[165]

116. Pannala AS et al. Inhibition of peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration by catechin polyphenols. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 232:164-68.

[166]

117. Parshad R, Sanford RR, et al. Protective action of plant polyphenols on radiation-induced chromatid breaks in cultured human cells. Anticancer Res 1998;18:3263-66.

[167]

118. Pietta P, Simonetti P. Dietary flavonoids and interactions with endogenous antioxidants. Biochem Molec Biol International 1998;44:1069-74.

[168]

119. Plumb GW et al. Antioxidant properties of catechins and proanthocyanidins: effect of polymerization, galloylation and glycosylation. Free Radic Res 1999; 29:351-58.

[169]

120. Quinlan P, Lane J, Aspinall L. Effects of hot tea, coffee and water ingestion on physiological responses and mood: the role of caffeine, water, and beverage type. Psychopharmacology 1997; 134:164-73.

[170]

121. Rasheed A, Haider M. Antibacterial activity of Camellia sinensis extracts against dental caries. Arch Pharm Res 1998;21:348-52.

[171]

122. Sanaka S, Aizawa M, et al. Inhibitory effect of green tea polyphenols on growth and adherence of an oral bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996; 60:745-49.

[172]

123. Sato Y et al. Possible contribution of green tea drinking habits to the prevention of stroke. Tohoku J Exp Med 1989; 157:337-43.

[173]

124. Serafini M et al. In vivo antioxidant effect of green and black tea in man. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50:28-32.

[174]

125. Soliman KF, Mazzio EA. In vitro attenuation of nitric oxide production in C6 astrocyte cell culture by various dietary compounds. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998; 218:390-97.

[175]

126. Takabayashi F, Harada N. Effects of green tea catechins on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Pancreas 1997; 14:276-79.

[176]

127. Tao P. The inhibitory effects of catechin derivatives on the activities of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerases. Chung Kuo 1992; 14:334-38.

[177]

128. Uchida S et al. Effect of epigallocatechin gallate on the life span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1995; Suppl 1: S302-3.

[178]

129. Wang H, Wu Y. Inhibitory effect of Chinese tea on N-nitrosation in vitro and in vivo. IARC Sci Publ 1991; 105:546-49.

[179]

130. Yang FJ et al. Green tea polyphenols block endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha production and lethality in murine model. J Nutr 1998; 128:2334-40.

[180]

131. Yang TT, Koo MW. Hypocholesterolemic effects of Chinese tea. Pharmacol Res 1997; 35:505-12.

[181]

132. Yokogoshi H et al. Effect of theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on brain monoamines and striatal dopamine release in conscious rats. Neurochem Res 1998; 23:667-73.

[182]

133. Yokozawa T et al. In vivo and in vitro studies on the radical scavenging activity of tea. J Agric Food Chem 1998; 46:2143-50.

[183]

134. You S. Study on feasibility of Chinese green tea polyphenols for preventing dental caries. Chung Hua Kou Chiang 1993; 28:197-9.

[184]

135. Zhang J, Kashket S. Inhibition of salivary amylase by black and green teas and their effects on the intraoral hydrolysis of starch. Caries Res 1998: 32:233-38.

[185]

136. Zhao BL et al. Scavenging effect of extracts of green tea and natural antioxidants on active oxygen species. Cell Biophys 1989; 14:175-85.

[186]

137. Istvan ES, Deisenhofer J. Structural mechanism for statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. Science 2001 May 11;292:1160-4.

[187]

138. Shen Z, Yu P, Sun M, Chi J, Zhou Y, Zhu X, Yang C, He C. Treatment of primary hyperlipidemia with Zhitai (Xuezhikang) capsule: a clinical study. Natl Med J China 1996;76:156-7.

[188]

139. Li C, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Zhu J-S, Chang J, Kritchevsky J. Monascus purpureus fermented rice (red yeast rice): a natural food product that lowers blood cholesterol in animal models of hypercholesterolemia. Nutr Res 1998;18:71-8.

[189]

140. Heber D, Yip I, Ashley JM, Elashoff DA, Elashoff RM, Go VLW. Cholesterol-lowering effects of a proprietary Chinese red-yeast-rice dietary supplement. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:231-6.

[190]

141. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weiss S, et al. Preliminary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 1998;279:1615-22.

[191]

142. Pearson TA. Commentary: lipid-lowering therapy in low-risk patients. JAMA 1998; 279:1659-61.

[192]

143. Patrick L, Uzick M. Cardiovascular disease: C-reactive protein and the inflammatory disease paradigm: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, alpha-tocopherol, red yeast rice, and olive oil polyphenols. A review of the literature. Altern Med Rev 2001 Jun;6 (3):248-71.

[193]

144. Pedersen TR, Berg K, Cook TJ, Foergeman O, Haghfelt T, Kjekshus J, et al. Safety and tolerability of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin during 5 years in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:2085-92.

[194]

145. Perreault S, Hamilton VH, Lavoie F, Grover S, Treating hyperlipidemia for the primary prevention of coronary disease: are higher doses of lovastatin cost-effective? Arch Intern Med 1998;158:375-81.

[195]

146. Heber D. Letter: reply to Bliznakov. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:153-4.

[196]

147. Lefer AM, Scalia R, Lefer DJ. Vascular effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) unrelated to cholesterol lowering: new concepts for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2001;49:281-7.

[197]

148. Khan A, Safdar M, Ali Khan MM, Khattak KN, Anderson RA. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003 Dec;26 (12):3215-8.

[198]

149. Kim SH, Hyun SH, Choung SY. Anti-diabetic effect of cinnamon extract on blood glucose in db/db mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Mar 8;104 (1-2):119-23. Epub 2005 Oct 5.

[199]

150. Harris Willam S. Nonpharmacologic treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: Focus on fish oils. Clinical Cardiology. 1999: 22 (6 SUPPL.): II.40-II.43

[200]

151. Grimsgaard S, Bonaa KH, Hansen JB, et al. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 66: 649-659.

[201]

152. Adler, A.J., and B.J. Holub. 1997. Effect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65 (February):445.

[202]

153. Harris WS. n-3 fatty acids and human lipoprotein metabolism: An update. Lipids 34:S257-258, 1999.

[203]

154. O'Keefe JH, Harris WS. From Inuit to Implementation: Omega-3 fatty acids come of age. Mayo Clin Proc 75:607-614, 2000.

[204]

155. O'Keefe JH, Harris WS. Omega-3 fatty acids: Time for clinical implementation? Am J Cardiol 85:1239-1241, 2000.

[205]

156. Harris WS. w3 fatty acids and human chylomicron metabolism. World Rev Nutr Diet 88:163-176, 2001.

[206]

157. Harris WS, Isley WL. Clinical Trial Evidence for the Cardioprotective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Curr Athero Rep 3:174-9, 2001.

[207]

158. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease. A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 106:2747-57, 2002.

[208]

159. Harris WS. N-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk of coronary heart disease death: extending the evidence to the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 77:279-280, 2003

[209]

160. Harris WS. Fish oil supplementation: Evidence for health benefits. Cleve Clin J Med 71:208-221, 2004.

[210]

161. Harris WS and von Schacky C. The Omega-3 Index: A New Risk Factor for Death from CHD? Preventive Medicine 39:212-220, 2004.

[211]

162. Harris WS. Alpha-linolenic acid: A Gift from the Land? Circulation 111:2872-74, 2005.

[212]

163. Harris WS. Extending the Cardiovascular Benefits of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Curr Athero Reports 2005;7:375-380.

[213]

164. Gebauer SK, Psota TL, Harris WS, Kris-Etherton PM. N-3 fatty acid dietary recommendations and food sources to achieve essentiality and cardiovascular benefits. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83 (suppl):1526S-1535S.

[214]

165. Wang C, Harris WS, Chung M, Lichtenstein AH, Balk EM, Kupelnick B, Jordan HS, Lau J. n-3 Fatty Acids from Fish or Fish Oil Supplements, but not Alpha-Linolenic Acid, Benefit Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Primary and Secondary Prevention Studies: A Systematic Review. Am J Clin Nutr 84:5-17, 2006.

[215]

166. Harris WS. The omega-6/omega-3 ratio and cardiovascular disease risk: uses and abuses. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 8:453-459, 2006.

[216]

167. Harris WS. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Bleeding: Cause for Concern? Am J Cardiol 2007;99[suppl]:44C-46C.

[217]

168. von Schacky C and Harris WS. Cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. Cardiovasc Res 73:310-315, 2007.

[218]

169. Harris WS. N-3 fatty acid fortification: opportunities and obstacles. Brit J Nutr 97:593-595, 2007.

[219]

170. Harris WS. Does treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid prevent major coronary events in patients with hypercholesterolemia? N at Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. October 2007;4:532-3.

[220]

171. Von Schacky C, Harris WS. Cardiovascular risk and the omega-3 index. J Cardiovasc Med 8:S46-S49, 2007.

[221]

172. Harris WS. International recommendations for consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. J Cardiovasc Med 8:S50-S52, 2007.

[222]

173. Stanley JC, Elsom RL, Calder PC, Griffin BA, Harris WS, Jebb SA, Lovegrove JA, Moore CS, Riemersma RA, Sanders TA. UK Food Standards Agency Workshop Report: the effects of the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio on cardiovascular health. Br J Nutr. 2007;98:1305-10.

[223]

174. Hansen SN and Harris WS. New Evidence for the Cardiovascular Benefits of Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Curr Athero Rpts 2007;9:434-440.

[224]

175. Lee JH, O'Keefe JH, Lavie CJ, Marchioli R, and Harris WS. Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Cardio-protection. Mayo Clinic Proc 2008;83:324-332.

[225]

176. Harris WS, Tighe AP, Miller M, Davidson M, Schaefer EJ. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease Risk: Clinical and Mechanistic Perspectives. Atherosclerosis 2008 ; 197:12-24.

[226]

177. Harris WS, Von Schacky C. Omega-3 fatty acids, acute coronary syndromes and sudden cardiac death. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rpt 2008;2:161-166.

[227]

178. Harris WS. Cardiovascular Risk and Alpha-Linolenic Acid: Can Costa Rica Clarify? (editorial) Circulation 2008;118:323-324.

[228]

179. Harris WS. The omega-3 index as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Am J C

[229]

180. Harris WS. You Are What You Eat Applies to Fish, Too. (editorial). J Am Diet Assoc 2008;108:1131-1133.

[230]

181. Harris WS. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: The "Japanese" Factor? J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:425-427.

[231]

182. Harris WS. N-3 Fatty Acids and Health: DaVinci's Code. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:595-596.

[232]

183. Harris WS. Linoleic acid and coronary heart disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008 Sep-Nov;79 (3-5):169-71.

[233]

184. Harris WS, Mozaffarian D, Rimm E, Kris-Etherton PM, Rudel LL, Appel LJ, Engler MM, Engler MB, Sacks F. Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease. A Science Advisory from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation 2009;119:902-907.

[234]

185. Harris WS, Mozaffarian D, Lefevre M, Toner CD, Colombo J, Cunnane SC, Holden JM, Klurfeld DM, Morris MC, Whelan J. Towards Establishing Dietary Reference Intakes for Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids. J Nutrition 2009;139:804S-819S.

[235]

186. Robinson JG, Ijioma N, Harris W. Omega-3 fatty acids and cognitive function in women. Women's Health (London). 2010;6:119-34.

[236]

187. Harris WS. The Omega-3 Index: Clinical Utility for Therapeutic Intervention. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2010 (Sept). 12:503-508.

[237]

188. Kris-Etherton PM, Fleming J, Harris WS. The debate about n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid recommendations for cardiovascular health. J Am Diet Assn 2010;10:201-204. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.12.006.

[238]

189. Harris WS. Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids: Partners in Prevention. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metabol Care. 2010;13:125-129.

[239]

190. Bagdade JD, Ritter M, Subbaiah PV. Marine lipids normalize cholesteryl ester transfer in IDDM. Diabetologia. 1996 Apr;39 (4):487-91.

[240]

191. Bordia, A., Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L) on blood lipids, blood sugar, and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostagland Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids, 56, 379-84, (1997).

[241]

192. Motori VM, Farmer A. Wollan PC, et al. Fish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a quantitative systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2000 Sep: 23 (9): 1407-15.

[242]

193. Sauvaire Y., et.al., Implication of steroid saponins and sapogenins in the hypocholesterolemic effect of fenugreek. Lipids, 26, 191-7 (1991).

[243]

194. Bin-H., B., et.al., Immunomodulatory effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) extract in mice. International Immunopharmacology 3 (2), 257-265 (2003).

[244]

195. Sharma, R.., et.al., Hypolipidemic effect of Fungreek seeds: a Chronic study in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients, Phytotherapy Research, 10, 332-334 (1996).

[245]

196. Sharma, R. D., et.al., Hypolipidaemic effect of fenugreek seeds. A clinical study. Phytother Res,, 5, 145-7 (1991).

[246]

197. Kodama, T., Reddy, P., Kishimoto, C. & Krieger, M. Purification and characterization of a bovine acetyl low density lipoprotein receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 9238-9242 (1988).

[247]

198. Brown, M.S. & Goldstein, J.L. Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage: implications for cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52, 223-261 (1983).

[248]

199. Tirosh, A. Rudich, T. Shochat, D. Tekes-Manova, E. Israeli, Y. Henkin, I. Kochba, and I. Shai, Changes in Triglyceride Levels and Risk for Coronary Heart Disease in Young Men. Ann Intern Med, September 18, 2007; 147 (6): 377 - 385.

[249]

200. Kraft, K: Artichoke leaf extract - Recent findings reflecting effects on lipid metabolism, liver and gastrointestinal tracts. Phytomedicine 4:369-78, 1997.

[250]

201. Fintelmann, V: Antidyspeptic and lipid-lowering effects of artichoke leaf extract - Results of clinical studies into the efficacy and tolerance of Hepar-SL® forte involving 553 patients. J Gen Med 2:3-19, 1996.

[251]

202. Gebhardt R: Artichoke extract-In-vitro proof of cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition. Medwelt 46:348-350, 1995.

Chapter 8 - C-Reactive Protein: The Fire Alarm Molecule

[252]

1. Berk BC, Weintraub WS, Alexander RW. Am J Cardiol. 1990 Jan 15;65 (3):168-72.

[253]

2. Elevation of C-reactive protein in "active" coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80 (3):649-55.

[254]

3. Wang XL, Rainwater DL, Mahaney MC, Stocker R. Cosupplementation with vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 reduces circulating markers of inflammation in baboons.

[255]

4. René R. S. Packard and Peter Libby. Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: From Vascular Biology to Biomarker Discovery and Risk Prediction. Clinical Chemistry 54: 24-38, 2008.

[256]

5. Yuan-Xiang Meng, Earl S. Ford, Chaoyang Li, Alexander Quarshie, Ahmad M. Al-Mahmoud, Wayne Giles, Gary H. Gibbons and Gregory Strayhorn. Association of C-Reactive Protein with Surrogate Measures of Insulin Resistance among Nondiabetic US Adults: Findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Clinical Chemistry 53: 2152-2159, 2007.

[257]

6. de Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Wiviott SD, Lewis EF, Fox KA, White HD, Rouleau JL, Pedersen TR, Gardner LH, Mukherjee R, Ramsey KE, Palmisano J, Bilheimer DW, Pfeffer MA, Califf RM, Braunwald E, for the A to Z Investigators. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA 2004;292:1307-1316.

[258]

7. Ford ES, Giles WH. Serum C-reactive protein and fibrinogen concentrations and self-reported angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53:95-102.

[259]

8. Danesh J, Wheeler JG, Hirschfield GM, Eda S, Eiriksdottir G, Rumley A. Lowe GDO, Pepys MB, and Gudnason V. C-Reactive Protein and Other Circulating Markers of Inflammation in the Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 350;14:1387-1397, April 1, 2004.

[260]

9. Kinlay S, Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Rifai N, Leslie SJ, Sasiela WJ, Szarek M, Libby P, Ganz P, for the Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering Study Investigators. High-dose atorvastatin enhances the decline in inflammatory markers in patients with acute coronary syndromes in the MIRACL study. Circulation 2003;108:1560-1566.

[261]

10. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation 2003;107:391-397.

[262]

11. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, Joyal SV, Hill KA, Pfeffer MA, Skene AM, for the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 Investigators. Comparison of intensive and moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1495-1504.

[263]

12. Yuji Tajiri, Kazuo Mimura and Fumio Umeda. High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Obesity Research 13:1810-1816 (2005).

[264]

13. Ridker, P.M., Cook, N. Clinical usefulness of very high and very low levels of C-reactive protein across the full range of Framingham Risk Scores. Circulation. Vol 109 (April 27) Pgs 1955-1959. 2004.

[265]

14. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000;342:836-843.

[266]

15. Ridker, P., Cushman, M., Stampfer, M., Tracy, R., Hennekens, C. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med, 1997, 336: 973-979.

[267]

16. Cichoke A. Enzymes hasten pain relief. Nutrition Science News. Feb. 2001.

[268]

17. Kushner, I. C-Reactive Protein and the Acute Phase Response. Hospital Practice, 1990, March 30, 13-28.

[269]

18. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, Rifai N, Rose LM, McCabe CH, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, for the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) Investigators. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2005;352:20-28.

[270]

19. Dana E. King, MD, MS; Brent M. Egan, MD; Robert F. Woolson, PhD; Arch G. Mainous III, PhD; Yaser Al-Solaiman, MD; Ammar Jesri, MD. Effect of a High-Fiber Diet vs a Fiber-Supplemented Diet on C-Reactive Protein Level. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:502-506.

[271]

20. Deodhar, S.D. C-Reactive Protein: The best laboratory indicator available for monitoring disease activity. Cleveland Clinic J. Medicine, 1989, 56: 2, 126-129.

[272]

21. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Braunwald E. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy [correspondence; author reply]. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1604-1605.

[273]

22. Kushner, I. C-reactive protein elevation can be caused by conditions other than inflammation and may reflect biologic aging. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 2001, 68: 6, 535-540.

[274]

23. Ridker, P., Rifai, N., Pfefer, M., Sacks, F., Braunwald, E. Long term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Circulation, 1999, 100: 230-235.

[275]

24. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Sasiela WJ, Tsai J, Orazem J, Magorien RD, O'Shaughnessy C, Ganz P, for the Reversal of Atherosclerosis with Aggressive Lipid Lowering (REVERSAL) Investigators. Statin therapy, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:29-38.

[276]

25. Szapary PO, Wolfe ML, Bloedon LT, Cucchiara AJ, DerMarderosian AH, Cirigliano MD, Rader DJ. Guggulipid for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 Aug 13;290 (6):765-72.

[277]

26. Tomassi, S., Carluccio, E., and Bentifoglio, M, et al. C reactive protein as a marker for cardiac ischemic events in the year after a first, uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Am J. Cardiol, 1999, 83: 1595-1599.

[278]

27. Selvin E, Paynter NP, Erlinger TP. The Effect of Weight Loss on C-Reactive Protein. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:31-39.

[279]

28. Patel, V., Robbins, M. and Topol, E. C-reactive protein: A "Golden Marker" for inflammation and coronary artery disease. Cleveland Clinic J Medicine, 2001, 68: 6, 521-534.

[280]

29. Ray KK, Cannon CP, Cairns R, Kirtane AJ, Morrow DA, McCabe CH, Gibson CM, Ridker PM, Braunwald E. Intensive statin therapy reduces CRP in acute coronary syndrome patients with metabolic abnormalities and adverse lifestyle features: an analysis from PROVE IT-TIMI 22 [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:247A.

[281]

30. Pasceri, V., Willerson, J., Yeh, E. Direct proinflammatory effect of C reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation, 2000, 102:2165-2168.

[282]

31. Katherine Esposito, MD; Alessandro Pontillo, MD; Carmen Di Palo; Giovanni Giugliano, MD; Mariangela Masella, MD; Raffaele Marfella, MD, PhD; Dario Giugliano, MD, PhD. Effect of Weight Loss and Lifestyle Changes on Vascular Inflammatory Markers in Obese Women. JAMA. 2003;289:1799-1804.

[283]

32. Devaraj, S., and Jialal, I. Alpha tocopherol supplementation decreases serum C-Reactive Protein and Monocyte interleukin 6 levels in normal volunteers and type 2 diabetic patients. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 29: 8, 790-792.

[284]

33. Fadi G. Hage, MD* and Alexander J. Szalai, PhD. C-Reactive Protein Gene Polymorphisms, C-Reactive Protein Blood Levels, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007; 50:1115-1122

[285]

34. Kushner, I. The acute-phase response in humans. Why is it important? Internal Medicine for the Specialist, 1988, 9: 5, 59-65.

[286]

35. Friso, S., Jacques, P., Wilson, P., Rosenberg, I., and Selhub, J. Low circulating Vitamin B6 is associated with elevation of the inflammation marker C-Reactive Protein independently of plasma homocysteine levels. Circulation, 2001, 103: 2788.

[287]

36. Cohen JS. What You Need to Know about Statin Drugs and Their Natural Alternatives. New York, NY: Square One Publishers; 2005.

[288]

37. Wu D, Han SN, Meydani M, Meydani SN. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004 Dec; 1031:422-4.Effect of concomitant consumption of fish oil and vitamin E on production of inflammatory cytokines in healthy elderly humans.

[289]

38. Marcaccini, AM Meschiari, CA et al. Circulating Interleukin-6 and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Decrease After Periodontal Therapy in Otherwise Healthy Subjects Journal of Periodontology April 2009, Vol. 80, No. 4, 594-602.

[290]

39. Seymour, RA. Is gum disease killing your patient? British Dental Journal 206, 551-552 (2009)

[291]

40. de Oliveira, C., Watt, R. & Hamer, M. Toothbrushing, inflammation, and risk of cardiovascular disease: results from Scottish Health Survey. BMJ 340, c2451 (2010).

[292]

41. Paraskevas, S., Huizinga, J. D. & Loos, B. G. A systematic review and meta-analyses on C-reactive protein in relation to periodontitis. J. Clin. Periodontol. 35, 277-290 (2008).

[293]

42. Anderson, JL et al. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1998; 32:35-41. Evaluation of C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, and infectious serology as risk factors for coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction.

[294]

43. Higgins, JP. Chlamydia pneumoniae and Coronary Artery Disease: The Antibiotic Trials. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78:321-332.

[295]

44. Mazzone A, et al. Evaluation of serratia peptidase in acute or chronic inflammation of otorhinolaryngology pathology: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial versus placebo. J Int Med Res.; 1990; 18 (5); 379-88.

[296]

45. Aratani H, Tateishi H, Negita S. Studies on the distributions of antibiotics in the oral tissues: Experimental staphylococcal infection in rats, and effect of serratiopeptidase on the distributions of antibiotics (author's transl)] Jpn J Antibiot 1980;33:623-35.

[297]

46. Panagariya A, Sharma AK. A preliminary trial of serratiopeptidase in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India; 1999; 47 (12); 1170-1172.

[298]

47. Boles BR, Horswill AR. Agr-mediated dispersal of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. PLoS Pathog 2008;4:e1000052.

[299]

48. Castell JV, Friedrich G, Kuhn CS, Poppe GE. Intestinal absorption of undegraded proteins in men: presence of bromelain in plasma after oral intake. Am J Physiol 1997;273:G139-46.

[300]

49. Kee WH, et al. The treatment of breast engorgement with Serrapeptase (Danzen): a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Singapore Med J.; 1989 30 (1); 48-54.

[301]

50. Tachibana M, et al. A muti-centre, double-blind study of serrapeptase versus placebo in post-antrotomy buccal swelling. Pharmatherapeutica; 1984; 3 (8); 526-30.

[302]

51. Chaignon P, Sadovskaya I, Ragunah Ch, Ramasubbu N, Kaplan JB, Jabbouri S. Susceptibility of staphylococcal biofilms to enzymatic treatments depends on their chemical composition. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007;75:125-32.

[303]

52. Chen J, Fallarero A, Maattanen A, et al. Living cells of Staphylococcus aureus immobilized onto the capillary surface in electrochromatography: a tool for screening of biofilms. Anal Chem 2008;80:5103-9.

[304]

53. Cooper HA, Bennett WP, White GC 2nd, Wagner RH. Hydrolysis of human platelet membrane glycoproteins with a Serratia marcescens metalloprotease: effect on response to thrombin and von Willebrand factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982;79:1433-7.

[305]

54. Dejica D, Szegli G, Herold A, Bucurenci N, Mazilu E. Local treatment with Epurox (superoxide dismutase and catalase of human origin) in the chronic inflammatory and degenerative rheumatism. Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1986;45:299-310.

[306]

55. Eckert K, Grabowska E, Stange R, et al. Effects of oral bromelain administration on the impaired immunocytotoxicity of mononuclear cells from mammary tumor patients. Oncol Rep 1999;6:1191-9.

[307]

56. Engwerda CR, Andrew D, Murphy M, Mynott TL. Bromelain activates murine macrophages and natural killer cells in vitro. Cell Immunol 2001;210:5-10.

[308]

57. Gaspani L, Limiroli E, Ferrario P, Bianchi M. In vivo and in vitro effects of bromelain on PGE2 and SP concentrations in the inflammatory exudate in rats. Pharmacology 2002;65:83-6.

[309]

58. Hetrick EM, Schoenfisch MH. Reducing implant-related infections: active release strategies. Chem Soc Rev 2006;35:780-9.

[310]

59. Houri-Haddad Y, Soskolne WA, Shai E, Palmon A, Shapira L. Interferon-gamma deficiency attenuates local P. gingivalisinduced inflammation. J Dent Res 2002;81:395-8.

[311]

60. Jackson D, Walker-Smith JA, Phillips AD. Macromolecular absorption by histologically normal and abnormal small intestinal mucosa in childhood: an in vitro study using organ culture. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1983;2:235-47.

[312]

61. Kamenicek V, Holan P, Franek P. [Systemic enzyme therapy in the treatment and prevention of post-traumatic and postoperative swelling] Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 2001;68:45-9. [Article in Czech; abstract in English]

[313]

62. Kinlough-Rathbone RL, Perry DW, Packham MA. Contrasting effects of thrombin and the thrombin receptor peptide, SFLLRN, on aggregation and release of 14C-serotonin by human platelets pretreated with chymotrypsin or serratia marcescens protease. Thromb Haemost 1995;73:122-5.

[314]

63. Kleef R, Delohery TM, Bovbjerg DH. Selective modulation of cell adhesion molecules on lymphocytes by bromelain protease 5. Pathobiology 1996;64:339-46.

[315]

64. Klein G, Kullich W. Short-term treatment of painful osteoarthritis of the knee with oral enzymes: a randomised, doubleblind study versus diclofenac. Clin Drug Invest 2000;19:15-23.

[316]

65. Kumakura S, Yamashita M, Tsurufuji S. Effect of bromelain on kaolin-induced inflammation in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1988;150:295-301.

[317]

66. Longhi C, Scoarughi GL, Poggiali F, et. al. Protease treatment affects both invasion ability and biofilm formation in Listeria monocytogenes. Microb Pathog 2008;45:45-52.

[318]

67. Masson M. [Bromelain in blunt injuries of the locomotor system. A study of observed applications in general practice] Fortschr Med 1995;113:303-6. [Article in German; abstract in English] Maurer HR. Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use. Cell Mol Life Sci 2001;58:1234-45.

[319]

68. Mazzone A, Catalani M, Costanzo M, et al. Evaluation of Serratia peptidase in acute or chronic inflammation of otorhinolaryngology pathology: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial versus placebo. J Int Med Res 1990;18:379-88.

[320]

69. Mecikoglu M, Saygi B, Yildirim Y, et. al. The effect of proteolytic enzyme serratiopeptidase in the treatment of experimental implant-related infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88:1208-14.

[321]

70. Okumura H, Watanabe R, Kotoura Y, Nakane Y, Tangiku O. [Effects of a proteolytic-enzyme preparation used concomitantly with an antibiotic in osteoarticular infections (author's transl)] Jpn J Antibiot 1977;30:223-7.

[322]

71. Onken JE, Greer PK, Calingaert B, Hale LP. Bromelain treatment decreases secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by colon biopsies in vitro. Clin Immunol 2008;126:345-52.

[323]

72. Panagariya A, Sharma AK. A preliminary trial of serratiopeptidase in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India 1999;47:1170-2.

[324]

73. Pollack PJ. Oral administration of enzymes from Carica papaya: report of a double-bline clinical study. Curr Ther Res 1962;4:229-37.

[325]

74. Put TR. The favourable effect of adding a catalase to the treatment of syndromes due to intervertebral disc degenerations. Arzneimittelforschung 1975;25:951-6.

[326]

75. Rodeheaver GT, Rye DG, Rust R, et al. Mechanisms by which proteolytic enzymes prolong the golden period of antibiotic action. Am J Surg 1978;136:379-82.

[327]

76. Roep BO, van den Engel NK, van Halteren AG, Duinkerken G, Martin S. Modulation of autoimmunity to beta-cell antigens by proteases. Diabetologia 2002;45:686-92.

[328]

77. Selan L, Berlutti F, Passariello C, Comodi-Ballanti MR, Thaller MC. Proteolytic enzymes: a new treatment strategy for prosthetic infections? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:2618-21.

[329]

78. Schoenborn JR, Wilson CB. Regulation of interferon-gamma during innate and adaptive immune responses. Adv Immunol 2007;96:41-101.

[330]

79. Shibayama Y. An experimental study into the cause of acute haemorrhagic gastritis in cirrhosis. J Pathol 1986;149:307-13.

[331]

80. Singer F, Oberleitner H. [Drug therapy of activated arthrosis. On the effectiveness of an enzyme mixture versus diclofenac.]

[332]

81. Takada Y, Mukhopadhyay A, Kundu GC, et al. Hydrogen peroxide activates NF-kappa B through tyrosine phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha and serine phosphorylation of p65: evidence for the involvement of I kappa B alpha kinase and Syk protein-tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 2003;278:24233-41.

[333]

82. Tart AH, Wozniak DJ. Shifting paradigms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm research. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008;322:193-206.

[334]

83. Taussig SJ, Yokoyama MM, Chinen A, Onari K, Yamakido M. Bromelain: a proteolytic enzyme and its clinical application. Hiroshima J Med Sci 1975;24:185-93.

[335]

84. Udod VM, Kolos AI, Gritsuliak ZN. [Treatment of patients with lung abscess by local administration of papain] Vestn Khir Im I I Grek 1989;142:24-7.

[336]

85. Udod VM, Trofimenko SP, Shabash EG, Storozhuk VT. [Experimento-clinical basis for using papain in purulent surgery] Vestn Khir Im I I Grek 1984;132:48-51. [Article in Russian; abstract in English]

[337]

86. Vlastarakos PV, Nikolopoulos TP, Maragoudakis P, Tzagaroulakis A, Ferekidis E. Biofilms in ear, nose, and throat infections: how important are they? Laryngoscope 2007;117:668-73.

[338]

87. Walker AF, Bundy R, Hicks SM, Middleton RW. Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dose-dependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults. Phytomedicine 2002;9:1-6.

[339]

88. Wolf U, Bauer D, Traub WH. Metalloproteases of Serratia liquefaciens: degradation of purified human serum proteins. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1991;276:16-26.

[340]

89. Zavadova E, Desser L, Mohr T. Stimulation of reactive oxygen species production and cytotoxicity in human neutrophils in vitro and after oral administration of a polyenzyme preparation. Cancer Biother 1995;10:147-52.

[341]

90. Gladys Block, Christopher D. Jensen, Tapashi B. Dalvi, Edward P. Norkus, Mark Hudes.

[342]

91. Patricia B. Crawford, Nina Holland, Ellen B. Fung, Laurie Schumacher, Paul Harmatz. Vitamin C treatment reduces elevated C-reactive protein. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 46 (2009) 70-77.

[343]

92. Terra X, Pallarés V, Ardèvol A, Bladé C, Fernández-Larrea J, Pujadas G, Salvadó J, Arola L, Blay M. Modulatory effect of grape-seed procyanidins on local and systemic inflammation in diet-induced obesity rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2011 Apr;22 (4):380-7.

Chapter 9 - Homocysteine: Sandblaster From Hell

[344]

1. Albert CM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, et al. Effect of folic acid and B vitamins on risk of cardiovascular events and total mortality among women at high risk for cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial. JAMA 2008; 299:2027-2036.

[345]

2. Bønaa KH, Njølstad I, Ueland PM, et al., NORVIT Trial Investigators. Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1578-1588.

[346]

3. Miller JW, Nadeau MR, Smith D, Selhub J. Vitamin B-6 deficiency vs folate deficiency: comparison of responses to methionine loading in rats. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 May;59 (5): 1033-9.

[347]

4. Zoungas S, McGrath BP, Branley P, Kerr PG, Muske C, Wolfe R, Atkins RC, Nicholls K, Fraenkel M, Hutchison BG, Walker R, McNeil JJ (2006). "Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Atherosclerosis and Folic Acid Supplementation Trial (ASFAST) in chronic renal failure: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial". J Am Coll Cardiol 47 (6): 1108-16.

[348]

5. Coen DA, Stehouwer, Coen van Guldener (2001). Homocysteine-lowering treatment: an overview. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2 (9): 1449-1460.

[349]

6. Rasouli ML, Nasir K, Blumenthal RS, et al. Plasma homocysteine predicts progression of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2005 Jul;181 (1):159-65.

[350]

7. Clarke R, Daly L, Robinson K, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia: an independent risk factor for vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1991 Apr 25;324 (17):1149-55.

[351]

8. Genest JJ, Jr., McNamara JR, Salem DN, et al. Plasma homocyst (e) ine levels in men with premature coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 Nov;16 (5):1114-9.

[352]

9. Taylor LM, Jr., DeFrang RD, Harris EJ, Jr., Porter JM. The association of elevated plasma homocyst (e) ine with progression of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 1991 Jan;13 (1):128-36.

[353]

10. Gallagher PM, Meleady R, Shields DC, et al. Homocysteine and risk of premature coronary heart disease. Evidence for a common gene mutation. Circulation. 1996 Nov 1;94 (9):2154-8.

[354]

11. Graham IM, Daly LE, Refsum HM, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA. 1997 Jun 11;277 (22): 1775-81.

[355]

12. De BA, Verschuren WM, Kromhout D, Kluijtmans LA, Blom HJ. Homocysteine determinants and the evidence to what extent homocysteine determines the risk of coronary heart disease. Pharmacol Rev. 2002 Dec;54 (4):599-618.

[356]

13. Verhoef P, Kok FJ, Kruyssen DA, et al. Plasma total homocysteine, B vitamins, and risk of coronary atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 May;17 (5):989-95.

[357]

14. Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis. BMJ. 2002 Nov 23;325 (7374):1202.

[358]

15. Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, et al. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jul 24;337 (4):230-6.

[359]

16. Hoogeveen EK, Kostense PJ, Beks PJ, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a population-based study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998 Jan;18 (1):133-8.

[360]

17. Anon. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2002 Oct 23;288 (16):2015-22.

[361]

18. Kullo IJ, Li G, Bielak LF, et al. Association of plasma homocysteine with coronary artery calcification in different categories of coronary heart disease risk. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Feb;81 (2):177-82.

[362]

19. Virtanen JK, Voutilainen S, Happonen P, et al. Serum homocysteine, folate and risk of stroke: Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005 Aug;12 (4):369-75.

[363]

20. Tribouilloy CM, Peltier M, Iannetta Peltier MC, et al. Plasma homocysteine and severity of thoracic aortic atherosclerosis. Chest. 2000 Dec;118 (6):1685-9.

[364]

21. van GC, Robinson K. Homocysteine and renal disease. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2000; 26 (3):313-24.

[365]

22. Tice JA, Ross E, Coxson PG, et al. Cost-effectiveness of vitamin therapy to lower plasma homocysteine levels for the prevention of coronary heart disease: effect of grain fortification and beyond. JAMA. 2001 Aug 22;286 (8):936-43.

[366]

23. Brattstrom L, Lindgren A, Israelsson B, et al. Hyperhomocysteinaemia in stroke: prevalence, cause, and relationships to type of stroke and stroke risk factors. Eur J Clin Invest. 1992 Mar;22 (3):214-21.

[367]

24. Fryer RH, Wilson BD, Gubler DB, Fitzgerald LA, Rodgers GM. Homocysteine, a risk factor for premature vascular disease and thrombosis, induces tissue factor activity in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993 Sep;13 (9):1327-33.

[368]

25. Hajjar KA. Homocysteine-induced modulation of tissue plasminogen activator binding to its endothelial cell membrane receptor. J Clin Invest. 1993 Jun;91 (6):2873-9.

[369]

26. Pancharuniti N, Lewis CA, Sauberlich HE, et al. Plasma homocyst (e) ine, folate, and vitamin B-12 concentrations and risk for early-onset coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Apr;59 (4):940-8.

[370]

27. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Bostom AG, et al. Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1995 Feb 2;332 (5): 286-91.

[371]

28. Glueck CJ, Shaw P, Lang JE, et al. Evidence that homocysteine is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic patients. Am J Cardiol. 1995 Jan 15;75 (2):132-6.

[372]

29. Arnesen E, Refsum H, Bonaa KH, et al. Serum total homocysteine and coronary heart disease. Int J Epidemiol. 1995 Aug;24 (4):704-9.

[373]

30. Tonstad S, Joakimsen O, Stensland-Bugge E, et al. Risk factors related to carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and control subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996 Aug;16 (8):984-91.

[374]

31. Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of plasma homocyst (e) ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA. 1992 Aug 19;268 (7):877-81.

[375]

32. Tonstad S, Refsum H, Sivertsen M, et al. Relation of total homocysteine and lipid levels in children to premature cardiovascular death in male relatives. Pediatr Res. 1996 Jul; 40 (1):47-52.

[376]

33. Mills JL, Scott JM, Kirke PN, et al. Homocysteine and neural tube defects. J Nutr. 1996 Mar;126 (3):756S-60S.

[377]

34. Stehouwer CD, Weijenberg MP, van den BM, et al. Serum homocysteine and risk of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in elderly men: a 10-year follow-up. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998 Dec;18 (12):1895-901.

[378]

35. Wald NJ, Watt HC, Law MR, et al. Homocysteine and ischemic heart disease: results of a prospective study with implications regarding prevention. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Apr 27;158 (8):862-7.

[379]

36. Scott CH, Sutton MS. Homocysteine: evidence for a causal relationship with cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Rev. 1999 Mar;7 (2):101-7.

[380]

37. Osganian SK, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, et al. Distribution of and factors associated with serum homocysteine levels in children: Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health. JAMA. 1999 Apr 7;281 (13):1189-96.

[381]

38. Kato I, Dnistrian AM, Schwartz M, et al. Serum folate, homocysteine and colorectal cancer risk in women: a nested case-control study. Br J Cancer. 1999 Apr;79 (11-12):1917-22.

[382]

39. Stone DH, McCarron P, Smith GD. Similarities in the epidemiology of neural tube defects and coronary heart disease: is homocysteine the missing link? J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999 Dec;53 (12):789-93.

[383]

40. Temple ME, Luzier AB, Kazierad DJ. Homocysteine as a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Ann Pharmacother. 2000 Jan;34 (1):57-65.

[384]

41. Thomson SW, Heimburger DC, Cornwell PE, et al. Effect of total plasma homocysteine on cervical dysplasia risk. Nutr Cancer. 2000;37 (2):128-33.

[385]

42. Bottiglieri T, Laundy M, Crellin R, et al. Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000 Aug;69 (2): 228-32.

[386]

43. Vollset SE, Refsum H, Irgens LM, et al. Plasma total homocysteine, pregnancy complications, and adverse pregnancy outcomes: the Hordaland Homocysteine study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Apr;71 (4):962-8.

[387]

44. Postiglione A, Milan G, Ruocco A, et al. Plasma folate, vitamin B (12), and total homocysteine and homozygosity for the C677T mutation of the 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene in patients with Alzheimer's dementia. A case-control study. Gerontology. 2001 Nov;47 (6):324-9.

[388]

45. McCaddon A, Hudson P, Davies G, et al. Homocysteine and cognitive decline in healthy elderly. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2001 Sep;12 (5):309-13.

[389]

46. Weinstein SJ, Ziegler RG, Selhub J, et al. Elevated serum homocysteine levels and increased risk of invasive cervical cancer in US women. Cancer Causes Control. 2001 May; 12 (4):317-24.

[390]

47. Cattaneo M, Lombardi R, Lecchi A, Bucciarelli P, Mannucci PM. Low plasma levels of vitamin B (6) are independently associated with a heightened risk of deep-vein thrombosis. Circulation. 2001 Nov 13;104 (20):2442-6.

[391]

48. Vollset SE, Refsum H, Tverdal A, et al. Plasma total homocysteine and cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jul;74 (1):130-6.

[392]

49. Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 14;346 (7):476-83.

[393]

50. O'Callaghan P, Meleady R, Fitzgerald T, Graham I. Smoking and plasma homocysteine. Eur Heart J. 2002 Oct;23 (20):1580-6.

[394]

51. Morris MS. Homocysteine and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2003 Jul;2 (7):425-8.

[395]

52. Teunissen CE, Blom AH, Van Boxtel MP, et al. Homocysteine: a marker for cognitive performance? A longitudinal follow-up study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2003;7 (3):153-9.

[396]

53. Morgenstern I, Raijmakers MT, Peters WH, Hoensch H, Kirch W. Homocysteine, cysteine, and glutathione in human colonic mucosa: elevated levels of homocysteine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2003 Oct;48 (10):2083-90.

[397]

54. Clarke R, Lewington S, Landray M. Homocysteine, renal function, and risk of cardiovascular disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2003 May;(84):S131-3.

[398]

55. Tanne D, Haim M, Goldbourt U, et al. Prospective study of serum homocysteine and risk of ischemic stroke among patients with preexisting coronary heart disease. Stroke. 2003 Mar;34 (3):632-6.

[399]

56. Warsi AA, Davies B, Morris-Stiff G, Hullin D, Lewis MH. Abdominal aortic aneurysm and its correlation to plasma homocysteine, and vitamins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004 Jan;27 (1):75-9.

[400]

57. Stanger O, Herrmann W, Pietrzik K, et al. Clinical use and rational management of homocysteine, folic acid, and B vitamins in cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases. Z Kardiol. 2004 Jun;93 (6):439-53.

[401]

58. Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK. The dose-response relation between serum homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: implications for treatment and screening. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2004 Jun;11 (3):250-3.

[402]

59. Buccianti G, Baragetti I, Bamonti F, et al. Plasma homocysteine levels and cardiovascular mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Nephrol. 2004 May;17 (3): 405-10.

[403]

60. Zylberstein DE, Bengtsson C, Bjorkelund C, et al. Serum homocysteine in relation to mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease: a 24-year follow-up of the population study of women in Gothenburg. Circulation. 2004 Feb 10;109 (5):601-6.

[404]

61. Gillum RF. Distribution of total serum homocysteine and its association with parental history and cardiovascular risk factors at ages 12-16 years: the Third National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey. Ann Epidemiol. 2004 Mar;14 (3):229-33.

[405]

62. Scott TM, Tucker KL, Bhadelia A, et al. Homocysteine and B vitamins relate to brain volume and white-matter changes in geriatric patients with psychiatric disorders. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004 Nov;12 (6):631-8.

[406]

63. Quadri P, Fragiacomo C, Pezzati R, et al. Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jul;80 (1):114-22.

[407]

64. McLean RR, Jacques PF, Selhub J, et al. Homocysteine as a predictive factor for hip fracture in older persons. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 13;350 (20):2042-9.

[408]

65. van Meurs JB, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, Pluijm SM, et al. Homocysteine levels and the risk of osteoporotic fracture. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 13;350 (20):2033-41.

[409]

66. Kado DM, Karlamangla AS, Huang MH, et al. Homocysteine versus the vitamins folate, B6, and B12 as predictors of cognitive function and decline in older high-functioning adults: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Am J Med. 2005 Feb;118 (2):161-7.

[410]

67. Quadri P, Fragiacomo XC, Pezzati R, et al. Homocysteine and B vitamins in mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43 (10):1096-100.

[411]

68. Sofi F, Marcucci R, Giusti B, et al. High levels of homocysteine, lipoprotein (a) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 are present in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Thromb Haemost. 2005 Nov;94 (5):1094-8.

[412]

69. Virtanen JK, Voutilainen S, Alfthan G, et al. Homocysteine as a risk factor for CVD mortality in men with other CVD risk factors: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. J Intern Med. 2005 Mar;257 (3):255-62.

[413]

70. Kuo HK, Yen CJ, Bean JF. Levels of homocysteine are inversely associated with cardiovascular fitness in women, but not in men: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. J Intern Med. 2005 Oct;258 (4):328-35.

[414]

71. Robbins MA, Elias MF, Budge MM, Brennan SL, Elias PK. Homocysteine, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cognitive performance: The Maine-Syracuse Study. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43 (10):1101-6.

[415]

72. Teunissen CE, Van Boxtel MP, Jolles J, et al. Homocysteine in relation to cognitive performance in pathological and non-pathological conditions. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43 (10):1089-95.

[416]

73. Schafer JH, Glass TA, Bolla KI, et al. Homocysteine and cognitive function in a population-based study of older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Mar;53 (3):381-8.

[417]

74. Sachdev PS, Parslow RA, Lux O, et al. Relationship of homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 with depression in a middle-aged community sample. Psychol Med. 2005 Apr; 35 (4):529-38.

[418]

75. Kamburoglu G, Gumus K, Kadayifcilar S, Eldem B. Plasma homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate levels in age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006 May;244 (5):565-9.

[419]

76. Nowak M, Swietochowska E, Wielkoszynski T, et al. Homocysteine, vitamin B12, and folic acid in age-related macular degeneration. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2005 Nov;15 (6):764-7.

[429]

77. Levine J, Sela BA, Osher Y, Belmaker RH. High homocysteine serum levels in young male schizophrenia and bipolar patients and in an animal model. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;29 (7):1181-91.

[421]

78. Herrmann M, Widmann T, Herrmann W. Homocysteine-a newly recognised risk factor for osteoporosis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43 (10):1111-7.

[422]

79. Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, Pluijm SM, de Groot LC, et al. Homocysteine and vitamin B12 status relate to bone turnover markers, broadband ultrasound attenuation, and fractures in healthy elderly people. J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Jun;20 (6):921-9.

[423]

80. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Homocysteine as a predictive factor for hip fracture in elderly women with Parkinson's disease. Am J Med. 2005 Nov;118 (11):1250-5.

[424]

81. Nerbass FB, Draibe SA, Feiten SF, et al. Homocysteine and its determinants in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease patients. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006 Feb;106 (2):267-70.

[425]

82. Seddon JM, Gensler G, Klein ML, Milton RC. Evaluation of plasma homocysteine and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 Jan;141 (1):201-3.

[426]

83. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Homocysteine as a predictive factor for hip fracture in stroke patients. Bone. 2005 Apr;36 (4):721-6.

[427]

84. Picker JD, Coyle JT. Do maternal folate and homocysteine levels play a role in neurodevelopmental processes that increase risk for schizophrenia? Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;13 (4):197-205.

[428]

85. Gjesdal CG, Vollset SE, Ueland PM, et al. Plasma total homocysteine level and bone mineral density: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Jan 9;166 (1): 88-94.

[429]

86. Levine J, Stahl Z, Sela BA, et al. Homocysteine-reducing strategies improve symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients with hyperhomocysteinemia. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Jan 17.

[430]

87. Muntjewerff JW, Kahn RS, Blom HJ, den HM. Homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and risk of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;11 (2):143-9.

[431]

88. Budge, M., Joohnston, C., Hogervorst, E., et al. Plasma total homocysteine and cognitive performance in a volunteer elderly population. Ann NY Acad Sci, Vol 903, 2000.

[432]

89. Pennypacker L.C., Allen, R.H., Kelly, J.P., Matthews, M., et al. High prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in elderly outpatients. J Am Geriatrics Soc, 1992, 40: 1197-1204.

[433]

90. Selhub J, Jacques P, Wilson P, Rush D, Rosenberg I. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. JAMA. 1993;270:2693-2698.

[434]

91. Xu, D., Neville, R., and Finkel, T. Homocysteine accelerates endothelial cell senescence. FEBS Letters, 2000, 470: 20-24.

[435]

92. Stolzenberg-Solomon, R.Z., Miller, E.R., Maguire, M.G., et al. Association of dietary protein intake and coffee consumption with serum homocysteine concentrations in an older population, Am J Clin Nutr, 1999, 69: 467-475.

[436]

93. Garg, R., Malinow, M., Pettinger, M, et al. Niacin treatment increases plasma homocyst (e) ine levels. Am Heart J, 1999, 138: 1082-7.

[437]

94. Carlsen, S. Metformin increases total serum homocysteine levels in non-diabetic male patients with cornary heart disease. Scan J Clin Lab Invest, 1997, 57: 521-527.

[438]

95. Chango, A. Vitamin B12 status and homocysteine metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus on biguanide therapy. 4th Eur Symp, Innsbruck, 1996, 11.

[439]

96. Hoogeveen, E.K. Does metformin increase the serum total homocysteine in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus? J Inter Med., 197, 42, 389-394.

[440]

97. Stolzenberg-Solomon, R.Z., Miller, E.R., Maguire, M.G., et al. Association of dietary protein intake and coffee consumption with serum homocysteine concentrations in an older population, Am J Clin Nutr, 1999, 69: 467-475.

[441]

98. Wald, D.S., Bishop, L., Wald, N.J., et al. Randomized trial of folic acid supplementation and serum homocysteine levels. Arch Int Med, 2001, 161: 695-700.

[442]

99. Glueck, C.J., Shaw, P., Lang, J.E., Tracy, T., Sieve-Smith, L., Wang, Y. Evidence that homocysteine is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic patients. Am J Cardiol, 1995, 75: 132-136.

[443]

100. Arnadottir, M., Brattistrom, O., Simonsen, H, et al, The effect of high-dose pyridoxine and folic acid supplementation on serum lipid and plasma homocysteine co in dialysis patients, Clin Nephrol, 1993, 40: 236-240.

[444]

101. Wilcken, D.E., and Wilcken, B. B vitamins and homocysteine in cardiovascular disease and aging. In: Towards Prolongation of the Healthy Life Span-Practical Approaches to Intervention, Ann NY Acad Sci, Vol 854, by Denham Harman, Robin Holliday, and Mohsen Meydani (eds),1998, 361-370.

[445]

102. Wilcken DE, Wilcken B, Dudman NP, Tyrrell PA. Homocystinuria: The effects of betaine in the treatment of patients not responsive to pyridoxine. N Engl J Med. 1983; 309:448-53.

[446]

103. Dudman NP, Guo XW, Gordon RB, Dawson PA, Wilcken DE. Human homocysteine catabolism: three major pathways and their relevance to development of arterial occlusive disease. J Nutr. 1996;126:1295S-300S.

[447]

104. Wilcken DE, Dudman NP, Tyrrell PA. Homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency - the effects of betaine treatment in pyridoxine-responsive patients. Metabolism. 1985; 34:1115-21.

[448]

105. Malinow, M.R. Hyperhomocys (e) inemia: a common and easily reversible risk factor for occlusive atherosclerosis. Circulation, 1990, 81: 2004-6.

[449]

106. Jancin, B. Amino acid defect causes 20% of atherosclerosis in CHD. Family Pract News, 1994, 15: 7.

[450]

107. Bolander-Gouaille, C. Focus on Homocysteine and theVitamins Involved in its Metabolism. 2002, Springer, Paris.

[451]

108. Nappo, F., De Rosa, N., Marfella, R., et al. Impairment of endothelial functions by acute hyperhomocysteinemia and reversal by antioxidant vitamins. JAMA, 1999, 281: 2113-2118.

[452]

109. Blundell G, Rose FA, Norman T. Homocysteine induced endothelial cell toxicity and its protection. Biochemical Society Transactions 1994;22:341S.

[453]

110. Moghadasian M, McManus B, Frolich J. Homocyst (e) ine and coronary artery disease. Clinical evidence and genetic and metabolic background. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157:2299-2308.

[454]

111. Yang F, Tan H-M, Wang H. Hyperhomocysteinemia and atherosclerosis. .Acta Physiologica Sinica, April 25, 2005, 57 (2): 103-114.

[455]

112. Welch, G.N., Loscalzo, J. Homocysteine and atherothrombosis, New Engl J Med, 1998, 338: 1042-1050.

[456]

113. Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, Bennett JM, Becker PJ, van Staden DA, Bissbort S. The prevalence of homocysteinemia and hypercholesterolemia in angiographically defined coronary heart disease. Klin Wochenschr (Germany) 1991.

[457]

114. Stampfer, M., Malinow, M., Willett, W., et al. A prospective study of plasma homocyst (e) ine and risk of myocardial infarction in U.S. physicians. JAMA, 1992, 268: 877-881.

[458]

115. Xu, D., Neville, R. and Finkel, T. Homocysteine accelerates endothelial cell senescence. FEBS Lett. 470, 20-24.

[459]

116. Ray, J.G. Meta-analysis of hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for venous thromboembolic disease, Arch Intern Med, 1998: 158: 2101-2106.

[460]

117. M.C. Verhaar; E. Stroes; T.J. Rabelink. Folates and Cardiovascular Disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002;22:6.

[461]

118. Selhub J, Jacques P, Bostom A, et al. Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332:286-291

[462]

119. R. Meleady, P. M Ueland, H. Blom, A. S Whitehead, H. Refsum, L. E Daly, S. E. Vollset, C. Donohue, B. Giesendorf, I. M Graham, et al. Thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, homocysteine, and cardiovascular disease risk: the European Concerted Action Project. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2003; 77 (1): 63 - 70.

[463]

120. Selhub J, D'Angelo A. Relationship between homocysteine and thrombotic disease. Am J Med Sci. 1998; 316:129-41.

[464]

121. Dayal, S., Brown, K. L., Weydert, C. J., Oberley, L. W., Arning, E., Bottiglieri, T., Faraci, F. M. and Lentz, S. R. Deficiency of glutathione peroxidase-1 sensitizes hyperhomocysteinemic mice to endothelial dysfunction. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2002;22, 1996-2002.

[465]

122. Wald NJ, Watt HC, Law MR, Weir DG, McPartlin J, Scott JM. Homocysteine and ischemic heart disease: results of a prospective study with implications regarding prevention. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158:862-7.

[466]

123. Garg, R., Malinow, M., Pettinger, M, et al. Niacin treatment increases plasma homocyst (e) ine levels. Am Heart J, 1999, 138: 1082-7.

[467]

124. Lentz SR; Sobey CG; Piegors DJ; Bhopatkar MY; Faraci FM; Malinow MR; Heistad DD. Vascular dysfunction in monkeys with diet-induced hyperhomocyst (e) inemia. J Clin Invest, 1996 Jul 1, 98:1, 24-9.

[468]

125. Eric B. Rimm, ScD; Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPH; Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD; Laura Sampson, MS; Graham A. Colditz, MB, BS, DrPH; JoAnn Manson, MD, DrPH; Charles Hennekens, MD, DrPH; Meir J. Stampfer, MD, DrPH. Folate and Vitamin B6 From Diet and Supplements in Relation to Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women. JAMA, 1998; vol 279.

[469]

126. Nygard et al. Plasma Homocysteine Levels And Mortality In Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, vol 337, Number 4, pp230-236 1997.

[470]

127. Bolander-Gouaille, C. Focus on Homocysteine and the Vitamins Involved in its Metabolism. 2002, Springer, Paris.

[471]

128. Stephen M. Schwartz, PhD, MPH; David S. Siscovick, MD, MPH; M. Rene Malinow, MD; Frits R. Rosendaal, MD, PhD; R. Kevin Beverly, MS; David L. Hess, PhD; Bruce M. Psaty, MD, PhD, MPH; W. T. Longstreth, Jr, MD, MPH; Thomas D. Koepsell, MD, MPH; T. E. Raghunathan, PhD; ; Pieter H. Reitsma, PhD. Myocardial Infarction in Young Women in Relation to Plasma Total Homocysteine, Folate, and a Common Variant in the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene. Circulation. 1997;96:412-417.

[472]

129. Bostom AG et al. Nonfasting plasma total homocysteine levels and stroke incidence in elderly persons: the Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med, (1999); 131 (5).

[473]

130. Jeffrey A. Tice, MD; Elizabeth Ross, MD; Pamela G. Coxson, PhD; Irwin Rosenberg, MD; Milton C. Weinstein, PhD; M. G. Myriam Hunink, MD, PhD; Paula A. Goldman, MPH; Lawrence Williams, MS; Lee Goldman, MD, MPH. Cost-effectiveness of Vitamin Therapy to Lower Plasma Homocysteine Levels for the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Effect of Grain Fortification and Beyond. JAMA. 2001;286:936-943.

[474]

131. Hoogeveen EK et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia increases risk of death, especially in type 2 diabetes: 5-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study. Circulation, 2000: 101 (13).

[475]

132. Yang, F, Tan, H-M, Wang, H. Hyperhomocysteinemia and atherosclerosis. Acta Physiologica Sinica, April 25, 2005, 57 (2): 103-114.

[476]

133. Tawakol A; Omland T; Gerhard M; Wu JT; Creager MA. Hyperhomocyst (e) inemia is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in humans. Circulation, 1997 Mar 4, 95:5, 1119-21.

[477]

134. MTHFR 677CT Polymorphism and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-analysis.

[478]

135. Raisz, L. G. . Homocysteine and Osteoporotic Fractures-Culprit of Bystander? N Engl J Med (2004) 350: 2089-2090.

[479]

136. Mariska Klerk, MSc; Petra Verhoef, PhD; Robert Clarke, MD; Henk J. Blom, PhD; Frans J. Kok, PhD; Evert G. Schouten, MD, PhD; and the MTHFR Studies Collaboration Group. JAMA. 2002;288:2023-2031.

[480]

137. Iris P Fohr, Reinhild Prinz-Langenohl, Anja Brönstrup, Anja M Bohlmann, Heinz Nau, Heiner K Berthold and Klaus Pietrzik. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype determines the plasma homocysteine-lowering effect of supplementation with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate or folic acid in healthy young women1,2,3. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 75, No. 2, 275-282, February 2002.

[481]

138. Diaz MN, Frei B, Vita JA, Keaney JF. Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease. NEJM 1997;337:408-416.

[482]

139. Diaz-Arrastia R. Homocysteine and neurologic disease. Arch Neurol, 2000 Oct;57 (10):1422-7.

[483]

140. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9036. RdiazA@mednet.swmed.edu.

[484]

141. Joyce B.J. van Meurs, Ph.D., Rosalie A.M. Dhonukshe-Rutten, M.Sc., et. al. Homocysteine Levels and the Risk of Osteoporotic Fracture. New England Journal of Medicine, May 13, 2004;20;350:2033-2041.

[485]

142. van Meurs JB et al (2004). "Homocysteine levels and the risk of osteoporotic fracture." New England Journal of Medicine 350: 2033-2041.

[486]

143. Elias PR, Hann AC, Curtis CG, Rose FA, Tudball N. A rat vein perfusion model for studying homocysteine induced toxicity. Biochemical Society Transactions 1994;22:342S.

[487]

144. Van den Berg M, Boers GH, Franken DG, Blom HJ, Van Kamp GJ, Jakobs C, Rauwerda JA, Kluft C, Stehouwert CD. Hyperhomocysteinaemia and endothelial dysfunction in young patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Eur J Clin Invest 1995 Mar; 25 (3):176-81.

[488]

145. Elias, M. Presentation - Age, Cognition and Homocysteine: News from Framingham. 4th Conference on Hyperhomocysteinemia, Saarbruecken, Germany. 2005.

[489]

146. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA. 1995; 274:1049-57.

[490]

147. Swift ME, Schultz TD. Relationship of vitamins B6 and B12 to homocysteine levels: risk for coronary heart disease. Nutr Rep Int. 1986; 34:1-14.

[491]

148. Selhub J, Miller JW. The pathogenesis of homocyst (e) inemia: interruption of the coordinate regulation by S-adenosylmethionine of the remethylation and transsulfuration of homocysteine. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991; 55:131-38.

[492]

149. Miller JW, Nadeau MR, Smith D, Selhub J. Vitamin B6 deficiency vs folate deficiency: comparison of responses to methionine loading in rats. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 59:1033-39.

[493]

150. Miller JW, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Russell RM, Shepard DC, Morrow FD, et al. Total homocysteine in fasting plasma is not a good indicator of B6 deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992; 55:1154-60.

[494]

151. Refsum H, Ueland PM, Nygard O, Vollset SE. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Annu Rev Med. 1998; 49:31-62.

[495]

152. Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Farstad M, Vollset SE. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337:230-36.

[496]

153. Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of plasma homocyst (e) ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA. 1992;268:877-81.

[497]

154. Meleady R, Graham I. Plasma homocysteine as a cardiovascular risk factor: causal, consequential or of no consequence? Nutr Rev. 1999; 57 (10):299-305.

[498]

155. Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Farstad M, Vollset SM. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337:230-36.

[499]

156. Kark JD, Selhub J, Adler B, Gofin J, Abramson JH, Friedman G, Rosenberg IH. Nonfasting plasma total homocysteine level and mortality in middle-aged and elderly men and women in Jerusalem. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 131 (5): 321-30.

[500]

157. Graham IM, Daly LE, Refsum HM, Robinson K, Brattstrom LE, Ueland PM, Palma- Reis RJ, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA. 1997; 277 (22):1775-81.

[501]

158. Graham IM, Daly LE, Refsum HM, Robinson K, Brattstrom LE, Ueland PM, Palma- Reis RJ, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA. 1997; 277 (22):1775-81.

[502]

159. Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJH, van der Merwe A, Becker PJ, Delport R, Potgieter HC. Vitamin requirements for the treatment of hyperhomocystinemia in humans. J Nutr. 1994; 124:1927-33.

[503]

160. Chait A, Malinow MR, Nevin DN, Morris CD, Eastgard RL, Kris-Etherton P, Pi- Sunyer FX, Oparil S, Resnick LM, et al. Increased dietary micronutrients decrease serum homocysteine concentrations in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70 (5):881-7.

[504]

161. Selhub J. Homocysteine metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr. 1999; 19:217-46.

[505]

162. Betaine for Homocystinuria. The Medical Letter. 1997; 39 (993):12.

[506]

163. Boers GHJ. Hyperhomocystinemia: A Newly Recognized Risk Factor for Vascular Disease. Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1994; 45:34-41.

[507]

164. Chait A, Malinow MR, Nevin DN, Morris CD, Eastgard RL, Kris-Etherton P, Pi- Sunyer FX, Oparil S, Resnick LM, et al. Increased dietary micronutrients decrease serum homocysteine concentrations in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70 (5):881-7.

[508]

165. Selhub J. Homocysteine metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr. 1999; 19:217-46.

[509]

166. Hernanz A, Plaza A, Martin-Mola E, De Miguel E. Increased plasma levels of homocysteine and other thiol compounds in rheumatoid arthritis women. Clin Biochem. 1999; 32 (1):65-70.

[510]

167. Haagsma CJ, Blom HJ, van Riel PL, van't Hof MA, Giesendorf BA, et al. Influence of sulphasalazine, methotrexate, and the combination of both on plasma homocysteine concentrations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999; 58 (2):79-84.

[511]

168. Morgan SL, Baggott JE, Lee JY, Alarcon GS. Folic acid supplementation prevents deficient blood folate levels and hyperhomocystinemia during long term, low dose methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention. J Rheumatol. 1998; 25 (3):441-6.

[512]

169. Regland B, Andersson M, Abrahamsson L, Bagby J, Dyrehag LE, Gottfries CG. Increased concentrations of homocysteine in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol. 1997; 26 (4):301-7.

[513]

170. Parsons RB, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Williams AC. In vitro effect of the cysteine metabolites homocysteic acid, homocysteine and cysteic acid upon human neuronal cell lines. Neurotoxicology. 1998; 19 (4-5):599-603.

[514]

171. Santhosh-Kumar CR, Hassell KL, Deutsch JC, Kolhouse JF. Are neuropsychiatric manifestations of folate, cobalamin and pyridoxine deficiency mediated through imbalances in excitatory sulfur amino acids? Med Hypotheses. 1994; 43 (4):239-44.

[515]

172. Nilsson K, Gustafson L, Faldt R, Andersson A, Brattstrom L, Lindgren A, Israelsson B, Hultberg B. Hyperhomocysteinaemia-a common finding in a psychogeriatric population. Eur J Clin Invest. 1996; 26 (10):853-9.

[516]

173. Muller T, Werne B, Fowler B, Kuhn W. Nigral endothelial dysfunction, homocysteine, and Parkinson's disease. Lancet. 1999; 354 (9173):126-7.

[517]

174. Steegers-Theunissen RP, Steegers EA, Thomas CM, Hollanders HM, et al. Study on the presence of homocysteine in ovarian follicular fluid. Fertil Steril. 1993; 60 (6):1006-10.

[518]

175. Sorensen TK, Malinow MR, Williams MA, King IB, Luthy DA. Elevated second-trimester serum homocyst (e) ine levels and subsequent risk of preeclampsia. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1999; 48 (2):98-103.

[519]

176. Catargi B, Parrot-Roulaud F, Cochet C, Ducassou D, Roger P, Tabarin A. Homocysteine, hypothyroidism, and effect of thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid. 1999; 9 (12):1163-6.

[520]

177. Kark JD, Selhub J, Adler B, Gofin J, Abramson JH, Friedman G, Rosenberg IH. Nonfasting plasma total homocysteine level and mortality in middle-aged and elderly men and women in Jerusalem. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 131 (5): 321-30.

[521]

178. AHA Science Advisory: Homocyst (e) ine, Diet, and Cardiovascular Diseases, #71-0157 Circulation. 1999;99:178-182.

[522]

179. EB Rimm, WC Willett, FB Hu et al. Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to coronary heart disease among women. JAMA 1998 279: 359-64.

[523]

180. Bowles JT. The evolution of aging: a new approach to an old problem of biology. Med Hypotheses. 1998 Sep;51 (3):179-221.

[524]

181. Raisz, L. G. (2004). Homocysteine and Osteoporotic Fractures-Culprit of Bystander? N Engl J Med 350: 2089-2090.

Chapter 10 - Fibrinogen: Clotting factor and inflammatory protein

[525]

1. Hager K, Felicetti M, Seefried G, Platt D. Fibrinogen and aging. Aging (Milano). 1994 Apr 6 (2):133-8.

[526]

2. Heinicke RM, et. al. Effect of bromelain (Ananase) on human platelet aggregation. Experientia 28:844-5, 1972.

[527]

3. Ridker, PM., Stampfer, MJ., Rifai, N. Novel Risk Factors for Systemic Atherosclerosis. A comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein (a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease JAMA, 2001, vol. 285, pp. 2481-2485.

[528]

4. Heinrich, J. et al. Fibrinogen and factor VII in the prediction of coronary risk. Arterioscler Thromb 1994, 14:54-59.

[529]

5. Kamath, S. and Lip, G.Y.H. Fibrinogen: biochemistry, epidemiology and determinants. QJM, October 1, 2003; 96 (10): 711 - 729.

[530]

6. Banerjee AK, Pearson J, Gilliland EL, Goss D, Lewis JD, Stirling Y, Meade TW. A six year prospective study of fibrinogen and other risk factors associated with mortality in stable claudicants. Thromb Haemost. 1992 Sep 7;68 (3):261-3.

[531]

7. Sweetnam PM, Thomas HF, Yarnell JW, Beswick AD, Baker IA, and Elwood PC. Fibrinogen, viscosity and the 10-year incidence of ischaemic heart disease. European Heart Journal, December 1996, 17 (12): 1814-1820.

[532]

8. Levenson J, Giral P, Razavian M, Gariepy J, Simon A. Fibrinogen and silent atherosclerosis in subjects with cardiovascular risk factors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995 Sep;15 (9):1263-8.

[533]

9. Ford ES, Giles WH. Serum C-reactive protein and fibrinogen concentrations and self-reported angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53:95-102.

[534]

10. Dean W. Fibrinogen: Biomarker of Aging and Important Cardiovascular Risk Factor: Reversal with Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Age, Year 2000, No 114, pp. 207-220.

[535]

11. Stefanick M L, Legault C, Tracy, RP, Howard G, Kessler CM, Lucas DL and Bush, T L. Distribution and Correlates of Plasma Fibrinogen in Middle-aged Women : Initial Findings of the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 1995; 15 (12): 2085 - 2093.

[536]

12. Ramirez-Bosca A, Carrion-Gutierrez MA, Soler A. et al. Effects of the antioxidant turmeric on lipoprotein peroxides: implications for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Age, 1997, 20: 165-168.

[537]

13. Nieper HA Effect of bromelain on coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. Acta Med Empirica 5:274-5, 1978.

[538]

14. Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinkman J, ed. Herbal Medicine. Expanded Commission E Monographs . Boston, Mass: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000:33-35.

[539]

15. Felton GE. Fibrinolytic and antithrombotic action of bromelain may eliminate thrombosis in heart patients. Med Hypotheses 6 (11): 1123-33, 1980.

[540]

16. Aizhong Fu and K. Sreekumaran Nair. Age effect on fibrinogen and albumin synthesis in humans Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab Vol. 275, Issue 6, E1023-E1030, December 1998

[541]

17. Lee, K. W. and Lip, G. Y. H. Effects of Lifestyle on Hemostasis, Fibrinolysis, and Platelet Reactivity: A Systematic Review-Archives of Internal Medicine, October 27, 2003; 163 (19): 2368 - 2392.

[542]

18. Vinson JA, Teufel K, Wu N. Green and black teas inhibit atherosclerosis by lipid, antioxidant, and fibrinolytic mechanisms. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jun 2;52 (11):3661-5. PMID:15161246.

[543]

19. Taussig S, et al. Bromelain, the enzyme complex of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and its clinical application. An update. J Ethnopharmacol 22:191-203, 1988.

[544]

20. Suzuki, Y. Dietary supplementation with fermented soybeans suppresses intimal thickening. Nutrition, (2003) 19 (3): 261-264.

[545]

21. Suzuki Y, Kondo K, Matsumoto Y, Zhao BQ, Otsuguro K, Maeda T, Tsukamoto Y, Urano T, Umemura K. Dietary supplementation of fermented soybean, Natto, suppresses intimal thickening and modulates the lysis of mural thrombi after endothelial injury in rat femoral artery. Life Sci. 2003 Jul 25;73 (10):1289-98.

[546]

22. Fujita M, Hong K, Ito Y, Fujii R, Kariya K, Nishimuro S. Thrombolytic effect of Nattokinase on a chemically induced thrombosis model in rat. Biol Pharm Bull. 1995 Oct; 18 (10):1387-91.

[547]

23. Sumi H, Hamada H, Nakanishi K, Hiratani H. Enhancement of the fibrinolytic activity in plasma by oral administration of Nattokinase. Life Sci. 2003 Jul 25;73 (10):1289-98.

[548]

24. Song DU, Jung YD, Chay KO, Chung MA, Lee KH, Yang SY, Shin BA, Ahn BW. Effect of drinking green tea on age-associated accumulation of Maillard-type fluorescence and carbonyl groups in rat aortic and skin collagen. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2002 Jan 15;397 (2):424-9.

[549]

25. Ernst, E. Regular exercise reduces fibrinogen levels: a review of longitudinal studies. British Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol 27, Issue 3 175-176.

[550]

26. Jandsk J, et al. Reduction of platelet adhesiveness by vitamin E supplementation in humans. Thrombosis Research 49: 393-404, 1988.

[551]

27. Taussig S, et. al. Bromelain in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease present status. J Int Assoc Prey Med 6:139-51, 1979.

[552]

28. Vinson JA, Dabbagh YA. Tea phenols: antioxidant effectiveness of teas, tea components, tea fractions and their binding with lipoproteins. Nutr Res 1998; 18:1067-75.

[553]

29. Kang WS, Lim IH, Yuk DY, Chung KH, Park JB, Yoo HS, Yun YP. Antithrombotic activities of green tea catechins and epigallocatechin gallate. Thromb Res. 1999 Nov 1;96 (3): 229-37.

[554]

30. Deana R, Turetta L, Donella-Deana A, Dona M, Brunati AM, De Michiel L, Garbisa S. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits platelet signalling pathways triggered by both proteolytic and non-proteolytic agonists. Thromb Haemost. 2003 May;89 (5):866-74.

[555]

31. Son DJ, Cho MR, Jin YR, Kim SY, Park YH, Lee SH, Akiba S, Sato T, Yun YP. Antiplatelet effect of green tea catechins: a possible mechanism through arachidonic acid pathway. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004 Jul;71 (1):25-31.

[556]

32. Kang WS, Chung KH, Chung JH, Lee JY, Park JB, Zhang YH, Yoo HS, Yun YP. Antiplatelet activity of green tea catechins is mediated by inhibition of cytoplasmic calcium increase. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2001 Dec;38 (6):875-84.

[557]

33. Ramirez-Bosca A, Soler A, Carrion-Gutierrez MA, et al. Antioxidant curcuma extracts decrease the blood lipid peroxide levels of human subjects. Age, 1995, 167-169.

[558]

34. Bharat B. Aggarwal, Young-Joon Surh and Shishir Shishodia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY. The Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Curcumin in Health and Disease. 10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_16

[559]

35. Ramirez-Bosca A, Soler A, Carrion-Guiterrez MA, Mira DP, Zapata JP, Diaz-Alperi J, Bernd A, Almagro EQ, and Miquel J. An hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa lowers the abnormally high values of human-plasma fibrinogen. Mech Aging Dev, 2000, 114: 207-220.

[560]

36. Ford ES, Giles WH. Serum C-reactive protein and fibrinogen concentrations and self-reported angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53:95-102.

[561]

37. Shah BH, Nawaz Z, Pertani SA, Roomi A, Mahmood H, Saeed SA, Gilani AH. Inhibitory effect of curcumin, a food spice from turmeric, on platelet-activating factor- and arachidonic acid-www.ed platelet aggregation through inhibition of thromboxane formation and Ca2+ signaling. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Oct 1;58 (7):1167-72.

[562]

38. Vinson JA, Dabbagh YA. Effect of green and black tea supplementation on lipids, lipid oxidation and fibrinogen in the hamster: mechanisms for the epidemiological benefits of tea drinking. FEBS Let 1998; 433:44-46.

[563]

39. Chrysohoou C et al. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004; 44:152-158. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet attenuates inflammation and coagulation process in healthy adults.

[564]

40. Nurtjahja-Tjendraputra E, Ammit AJ, Roufogalis BD, Tran VH, Duke CC. Effective anti-platelet and COX-1 enzyme inhibitors from pungent constituents of ginger. Thromb Res. 2003;111 (4-5):259-65.

[565]

41. Hsiang-Wen Chen et al. Pretreatment of curcumin attenuates coagulopathy and renal injury in LPS-induced endotoxemia. Journal of Endotoxin Research, Vol. 13, No. 1, 15-23 (2007).

[566]

42. Shamsuddin AM. IP6: Natures Revolutionary Cancer-Fighter. Kensington Books. New York, NY. 1998. Page 84.

[567]

43. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Dugall M, Pellegrini L, Ledda A, Grossi MG, Togni S, Appendino G. Product-evaluation registry of Meriva®, a curcumin-phosphatidylcholine complex, for the complementary management of osteoarthritis. Panminerva Med. 2010 Jun; 52 (2 Suppl 1):55-62.

[568]

44. Vucenik I, Podczasy JJ, Shamsuddin AM. Antiplatelet activity of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). Anticancer Res. 1999 Sep-Oct;19 (5A):3689-93.

[569]

45. Arruzazabala ML, et al. Effects of Policosanol on platelet aggregation in rats. Thromb Res, 1993. 69 (3): p. 321-7.

[570]

46. Arruzazabala ML, et al. Effect of policosanol successive dose increases on platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Res, 1996. 34 (5-6): p. 181-5.

[571]

47. Valdes S, et al. Effect of policosanol on platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res, 1996. 16 (2-3): p. 67-72.

[572]

48. Fukusawa K, et al. Vitamin E. Deficiency increases the synthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lipids 24: 236-239, 1989.

[573]

49. Liu M, Wallmon A, Olsson-Mortlock C, Wallin R, Saldeen T. Mixed tocopherols inhibit platelet aggregation in humans: potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Mar;77 (3): 700-6.

[574]

50. Liu M, Wallmon A, Olsson-Mortlock C, Wallin R, Saldeen T. Mixed tocopherols inhibit platelet aggregation in humans: potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Mar;77 (3): 700-6.

[575]

51. Mazzone A, et al. Evaluation of serratia peptidase in acute or chronic inflammation of otorhinolaryngology pathology: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial versus placebo. J Int Med Res.; 1990; 18 (5); 379-88.

[576]

52. Tachibana M, et al. A muti-centre, double-blind study of serrapeptase versus placebo in post-antrotomy buccal swelling. Pharmatherapeutica; 1984; 3 (8); 526-30.

[577]

53. Panagariya A, Sharma AK. A preliminary trial of serratiopeptidase in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India; 1999; 47 (12); 1170-1172.

[578]

54. Kee WH, et al. The treatment of breast engorgement with Serrapeptase (Danzen): a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Singapore Med J.; 1989 30 (1); 48-54.

[579]

55. Epstein FH. Cardiovascular disease epidemiology: a journey from the past into the future. Circulation 1996;93:1755-64.

[580]

56. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Morbidity & mortality: 1998 chartbook on cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases. Rockville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1998.

[581]

57. Stamler J. Established major coronary risk factors. In: Marmot M, Elliott P, eds. Coronary heart disease epidemiology: from etiology to public health. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992:35-66.

[582]

58. Keys A. Seven countries-a multivariate analysis of death and coronary heart disease. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980.

[583]

59. Dawber TR. The Framingham study: the epidemiology of atherosclerotic disease. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980.

[584]

60. Ernst ND, Sempos ST, Briefel RR, Clark MB. Consistency between US dietary fat intake and serum total cholesterol concentrations: the National Health and Nutrition Examination surveys. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:965S-972S

[585]

61. Kannel W. B., Wolf P. A., Castelli W. P., D'Agostino R. B. Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study Vol. Vol. 258 No. 9, September 4, 1987.

[586]

62. Hager, K. et al. "Fibrinogen and Aging." Aging (Milano) 1994, 6:133-38.

[587]

63. Montalescot, G. et al. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J 1998, 19 Suppl H:H11-17.

[588]

64. Heinrich, J. et al. "Fibrinogen and factor VII in the prediction of coronary risk." Arterioscler Thromb 1994, 14:54-59.

[589]

65. Sumi H, Hamada H, Tsushima H, et al. A novel fibrinolytic enzyme (nattokinase) in the vegetable cheese Natto; a typical and popular soybean food in the Japanese diet. Experientia 1987;43:1110-1.

[590]

66. Sumi H, Hamada H, Nakanishi K, Hiratani H. Enchancement of fibrinolytic activity in plasma by oral administration of nattokinase. Acta Haematol 1990;84:139-43.

[591]

67. Fujita M, Hong K, Ito Y, et al. Thrombolytic effect of nattokinase on a chemically induced thrombosis model in a rat. Biol Pharm Bull 1995;18:1387-91.

[592]

68. Suzuki Y, Kondo K, Matsumoto Y, et al. Dietary supplementation of fermented soybean, natto, suppresses intimal thickening and modulates the lysis of mural thrombi after endothelial injury in rat femoral artery. Life Sci 2003;73:1289-98.

[593]

69. Suzuki Y, Kondo K, Ichise, H, et al. Dietary supplementation with fermented soybeans suppresses intimal thickening. Nutrition 2003;19:261-4.

[594]

70. Urano T, Ihara H, Umemura K, et al. The Profibrinolytic Enzyme Subtilisin NAT Purified from Bacillus subtilis Cleaves and Inactivates Plasminogen Activator InhibitorType 1. J Biol Chem 2001;276:24690-6.

[595]

71. Tachibana M, Mizukoshi O, Harada Y, et al. A multi-centre, double-blind study of serrapeptase versus placebo in post-antrotomy buccal swelling. Pharmatherapeutica 1984;3:526-30.

[596]

72. Mazzone A, Catalani M, Costanzo M, et al. Evaluation of Serratia peptidase in acute or chronic inflammation of otorhinolaryngology pathology: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial versus placebo. J Int Med Res 1990;18:379-88.

[597]

73. Nakamura S, Hashimoto Y, Mikami M, et al. Effect of the proteolytic enzyme serrapeptase in patients with chronic airway disease. Respirology 2003;8:316-20.

[598]

74. Ramirez-Bosca A, Soler A, Carrion-Guiterrez MA, Mira DP, Zapata JP, Diaz-Alperi J, Bernd A, Almagro EQ, and Miquel J. An hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa lowers the abnormally high values of human-plasma fibrinogen. Mech Aging Dev. 2000; 114:207-220.

[599]

75. Miquel J, Bernd A, Sempere JM, Diaz-Alperi J, Ramirez A. The curcuma antioxidants: pharmacological effects and prospects for future clinical use. A review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2002 Feb;34 (1):37-46. Ajmani, R.S., and Rifkind, J.M. Hemorheological changes during human aging. Gerontology, 1998, 44: 111-120.

[600]

76. Danesh, J., Collins, R., Appleby, P., and Peto, R. Association of fibrinogen, C-Reactive Protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease, JAMA, 1998, 279: 18, 1477-1482.

[601]

77. Fu, A., and Nair, K.S. Age effect on fibrinogen and albumin synthesis in humans. Am J Physiol 275 (Endocrinol Metab 38), 1998 E1203-E1030

[602]

78. Hager, K., Felicetti, M., Seefried, G., and Platt, D. Fibrinogen and aging. Aging Clin Exp Res, 1994, 6: 2, 133-138.

[603]

79. Hager, K., Seefried, G., Felicetti, M., and Platt, D. Plasma fibrinogen: Are there age-dependent changes? Arch Gerontol Geriatr, Suppl 4, 1994, 99-106.

[604]

80. Kannel, W.B. Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Study. JAMA, 1987, 258: 1183.

[605]

81. Kawashima, H. Effects of vitamin K2 (Menatetrenone) on atherosclerosis and blood coagulation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, Japanese J Pharmacology, 1997, 75: 135-143.

[606]

82. Ramirez-Bosca, A., Carrion-Gutierrez, M.A., Soler, A., et al. Effects of the antioxidant turmeric on lipoprotein peroxides: implications for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Age, 1997, 20: 165-168.

[607]

83. Thomson, S.G., Kienast, J., Pyke, S.D.M., Haverkate, F., Van de Loo, J.C.W. Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. N Engl J Med, 1995, 332: 635-641.

[608]

84. Toss, H., and Lindahl, B. Prognostic influence of increased fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels in unstable coronary artery disease. Circulation, 1997, 96: 4204-4210.

[609]

85. Qizilbash, N., Jones, L., Warlow, C. Fibrinogen and lipid concentrations as risk factors for transient ischemic attacks and minor ischemic strokes, Br. Med J., 1991, 303: 605-609.

[610]

86. Wang, S., Wang, G., Yang, C., Li, X., Xiao, B. Comparison of plasma fibrinogen levels in members of Uygur family of longevity and non-longevity in Xinjiang. Weisheng Yanjiu, 1998, 27: 5, 315-316.

[611]

87. Welin, L. Analysis of risk factors for stroke in a cohort of men born in 1913. N Engl J Med, 1987, 317: 521.

[612]

88. Yarnell, J.W.G., Baker, I.A, Bainton, D, et al, Plasma fibrinogen a powerful predictor of CHD, Circulation, 1991, 83: 836-844.

[613]

89. Ramírez-Boscá A, Soler A, Carrión MA, Díaz-Alperi J, Bernd A, Quintanilla C, Quintanilla Almagro E, Miquel J. An hydroalcoholic extract of curcuma longa lowers the apo B/apo A ratio. Implications for atherogenesis prevention. Mech Ageing Dev. 2000 Oct 20;119 (1-2):41-7.

[614]

90. Kannel, W.B. Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Study. JAMA. 1987;258:1183.

[615]

91. Welin, L. Analysis of risk factors for stroke in a cohort of men born in 1913. N Engl J Med. 1987;317: 521.

[616]

92. Ramirez-Bosca A, Soler A, Carrion-Guiterrez MA, Mira DP, Zapata JP, Diaz-Alperi J, Bernd A, Almagro EQ, and Miquel J. An hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa lowers the abnormally high values of human-plasma fibrinogen. Mech Aging Dev. 2000;114: 207-220.

[617]

93. Kuptniratsaikul V, Thanakhumtorn S, Chinswangwatanakul P, Wattanamongkonsil L, Thamlikitkul V. Efficacy and safety of Curcuma domestica extracts in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Altern Complement Med. 2009 Aug;15 (8):891-7.

[618]

94. Kulkarni SK, Bhutani MK, Bishnoi M. Antidepressant activity of curcumin: involvement of serotonin and dopamine system. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 Dec; 201 (3):435-42.

[619]

95. Xu Y, Lin D, Li S, Li G, Shyamala SG, Barish PA, Vernon MM, Pan J, Ogle WO. Curcumin reverses impaired cognition and neuronal plasticity induced by chronic stress. Neuropharmacology. 2009 Sep;57 (4):463-71.

[620]

96. Hong D, et al. Altered profiles of gene expression in curcumin-treated rats with experimentally induced myocardial infarction. Pharmacol Res. 2009 Sep 9.

[621]

97. Womgcharoen W, et al. The protective role of curcumin in cardiovascular diseases. Int J Cardiol. 2009 Apr 3;133 (2):145-51.

[622]

98. Jang EM, et al. Beneficial effects of curcumin in hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in high-fat-fed hamsters. Metabolism. 2008 Nov;57 (11):1576-83.

[623]

99. Mahfouz MM, et al. Curcumin prevents the oxidation and lipid modification of LDL and its inhibition of prostacyclin generation by endothelial cells in culture. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2009 Jun 20.

[624]

100. Morimoto T, et al. The dietary compound curcumin inhibits p300 histone acetyltransferase activity and prevents heart failure in rats. J Clin Invest. 2008 Mar;118 (3): 868-78.

[625]

101. Feng B, et al. Regulation of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in diabetes at the transcriptional level. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jun;294 (6):E1119-26.

[626]

102. Samoamit K, et al. Curcumin improves vascular function and alleviates oxidative stress in non-lethal lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxaemia in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Jun 17.

[627]

103. Srivastava KC, et al. Curcumin, a major component of food spice turmeric (Curcuma longa) inhibits aggregation and alters eicosanoid metabolism in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1995 Apr;52 (4):223-7.

[628]

104. Qin L, et al. Effects and underlying mechanisms of curcumin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by Chol:MbetaCD. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Feb 6;379 (2):277-82.

[629]

105. Aggarwal BB, et al. Pharmacological basis for the role of curcumin in chronic diseases: an age-old spice with modern targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2009 Feb;30 (2):85-94.

[630]

106. Bengmark S. Curcumin, an atoxic antioxidant and natural NFkappaB, cyclooxygenase-2, lipooxygenase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: a shield against acute and chronic diseases. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006 Jan-Feb;30 (1):45-51.

[631]

107. Menon VP, et al. Antioxidant and ant-inflammatory properties of curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;595:105-25.

[632]

108. Jagetia GC, et al. "Spicing up" of the immune system by curcumin. J Clin Immunol. 2007 Jan;27 (1):19-35.

[633]

109. Fang XD, et al. Curcumin ameliorates high glucose-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction in rat thoracic aorta. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009 May 19.

[634]

110. Munk PS, et al. Inflammation and C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2009 Jun 11;129 (12):1221-4.

Chapter 11 - Blood Sugar, Insulin Resistance, and The Metabolic Syndrome

[635]

1. Ruiz-Torresa, A., Lozano, R., Melón, J., Carraro, R. On How Insulin May Influence Ageing and Become Atherogenic throughout the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Pathway: In vitro Studies with Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Gerontology 2005;51:225-230.

[636]

2. DeFronzo, R, Ferrannini, E. Insulin Resistance - a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, Diabetes Care. 1991; 14 (3):173-94.

[637]

3. Aronne, Louis J. Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: Focus on Managing Cardiometabolic Risk Factors. Obesity 14:119S-120S (2006).

[638]

4. Yuji Tajiri, Kazuo Mimura and Fumio Umeda. High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Obesity Research 13:1810-1816 (2005).

[639]

5. American Diabetes Association Position Statement. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2005 Jan;28 Suppl 1:S37-42.

[640]

6. Ranganath Muniyappa, Monica Montagnani, Kwang Kon Koh and Michael J. Quon. Cardiovascular Actions of Insulin. Endocrine Reviews 28 (5): 463-491

[641]

7. Ninomiya JK, L'Italien G, Criqui MH, et al. Association of the metabolic syndrome with history of myocardial infarction and stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation 2004;109:42-46.

[642]

8. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002 Dec 4;288 (21):2709-16.

[643]

9. Zavoroni, I. et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in healthy persons with hyperinsulinemia and normal glucose tolerance. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1989;320:702-6.

[644]

10. Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.

[645]

11. Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. ArchInternMed.2003;163:427-436.

[646]

12. Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Home and Garden Bulletin No. 232, U. S. Government Printing Office, Nov. 1990.

[647]

13. Reaven, G. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988;37, 1595-1607.

[648]

14. Reaven G, Strom,TK and Fox B. Syndrome X: Overcoming the Silent Killer That Can Give You a Heart Attack, Simon & Schuster, 2000.

[649]

15. Reaven, GM. Syndrome X: 6 years later. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1994; 236 (Supplement 736): 13-22

[650]

16. Reaven, G. Syndrome X. Clinical Diabetes. 1994;3-4, 32-52.

[651]

17. Munnings, F. Syndrome X; a deadly combination of diseases. Physician and Sportsmedicine 22: 63-66, 1994.

[652]

18. Pyorala M, Miettinen H, Laakso M, Pyorala K. Hyperinsulinemia predicts coronary heart disease risk in healthy middle-aged men: the 22-year follow-up results in the Finnish Helsinki Policeman Study. Circulation. 1998;4;98 (5): 398-404.

[653]

19. Jarvill-Taylor KJ, Anderson RA, Graves DJ. A hydroxychalcone derived from cinnamon functions as a mimetic for insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Am Coll Nutr 2001 Aug;20 (4):327-36.

[654]

20. Fontbonne A, Thibult N, Eschwege E, Ducimetiere, P. Body fat distribution and coronary heart disease mortality in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus: the Paris Prospective Study, 15-year follow-up. Diabetologia. 1992;35 (5):464-8.

[655]

21. Khan A, Safdar M, Khan MMA, Khattak KN, Anderson RA. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003 Dec;26 (12):3215-8.

[656]

22. Jenkins, D, Wolever, T. Glycemic index of foods: a physiologic basis for carbohydrate exchange. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1981; 34:362-366.

[657]

23. Broadhurst CL, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Insulin-like biological activity of culinary and medicinal plant aqueous extracts in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2000 Mar;48 (3): 849-52.

[658]

24. Bouchard, C., R.J. Barnard, P. Bjorntorp, et al. Exercise, body fat and the metabolic syndrome, abstracted. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 25 (suppl): S1, 1993.

[659]

25. Podell, R. The G-Index Diet. New York, NY: Warner Books Inc.; 1993.

[660]

26. Qin B, Nagasaki M, Ren M, Bajotto G, Oshida Y, Sato Y. Cinnamon extract (traditional herb) potentiates in vivo insulin-regulated glucose utilization via enhancing insulin signaling in rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003;62:139-48.

[661]

27. Endre, T. Insulin resistance is coupled to low physical fitness in normotensive men with a family history of hypertension. Journal of Hypertension. 1994; 12, 81-88.

[662]

28. Henriksson J. Influence of exercise on insulin sensitivity. J. Cardiovasc. Risk. 1995; 4:303-3

[663]

29. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Banting lecture 1988. Diabetes 1988;37: 1595-607. Consensus Development Conference on Insulin Resistance. November 5-6, 1997. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 1998;21:310-4.

[664]

30. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1183-97.

[665]

31. Zavaroni I, Mazza S, Dall'Aglio E, Gasparini P, Passeri M, Reaven GM. Prevalence of hyperinsulinaemia in patients with high blood pressure. J Intern Med 1992;231:235-40.

[666]

32. Osei K. Insulin resistance and systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:33J-6J.

[667]

33. Ferri C, Bellini C, Desideri G, Valenti M, De Mattia G, Santucci A, et al. Relationship between insulin resistance and nonmodulating hypertension: linkage of metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk. Diabetes 1999;48:1623-30.

[668]

34. Saad MF, Lillioja S, Nyomba BL, Castillo C, Ferraro R, De Gregorio M, et al. Racial differences in the relation between blood pressure and insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 1991;324:733-9.

[669]

35. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991;14:173-94.

[670]

36. Karhapaa P, Malkki M, Laakso M. Isolated low HDL cholesterol. An insulin-resistant state. Diabetes 1994;43:411-7.

[671]

37. Garg A. Insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 1996;19:387-9.

[672]

38. Cruz AB, Amatuzio DS, Grande F, Hay LJ. Effect of intraarterial insulin on tissue cholesterol and fatty acids in alloxan-diabetic dogs. Circ Res 1961;9:39-43.

[673]

39. Meigs JB, Mittleman MA, Nathan DM, Tofler GH, Singer DE, Murphy-Sheehy PM, et al. Hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and impaired hemostasis: the Framingham Offspring Study. JAMA 2000; 283:221-8.

[674]

40. Reaven GM. Syndrome X: 6 years later. J Intern Med Suppl 1994;736:13-22.

[675]

41. Granberry MC, Fonseca VA. Insulin resistance syndrome: options for treatment. South Med J 1999; 92:2-15.

[676]

42. Laakso M. How good a marker is insulin level for insulin resistance? Am J Epidemiol 1993;137:959-65.

[677]

43. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1995;854:1-452.

[678]

44. Karter AJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Selby JV, D'Agostino RB, Haffner SM, Sholinsky P, et al. Insulin sensitivity and abdominal obesity in African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white men and women. The Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes 1996;45:1547-55.

[679]

45. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to clinical preventive services. 2d ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996:220.

[680]

46. Holloszy JO, Schultz J, Kusnierkiewicz J, Hagberg JM, Ehsani AA. Effects of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Brief review and some preliminary results. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1986; 711:55-65.

[681]

47. Mayer-Davis EJ, D'Agostino R, Karter AJ, Haffner SM, Rewers MJ, Saad M, et al. Intensity and amount of physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA 1998;279:669-74.

[682]

48. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C, et al. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995;273:402-7.

[683]

49. Weinstock RS, Dai H, Wadden TA. Diet and exercise in the treatment of obesity: effects of 3 interventions on insulin resistance. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:2477-83.

[684]

50. Ludwig DS, Pereira MA, Kroenke CH, Hilner JE, Van Horn L, Slattery ML, et al. Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. JAMA 1999;282:1539-46.

[685]

51. Bailey CJ, Turner RC. Metformin. N Engl J Med 1996;334:574-9.

[686]

52. Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Thiazolidinediones in the treatment of insulin resistance and type II diabetes. Diabetes 1996;45:1661-9.

[687]

53. DECODE Study Group on Behalf of the European Diabetes Epidemiology Study Group: Will new diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus change phenotype of patients with diabetes? Reanalysis of European epidemiological data. BMJ 317:371-375, 1998.

[688]

54. Larsson H, Berglund G, Lindgarde F, Ahren B: Comparison of ADA and WHO criteria for diagnosis and glucose intolerance. Diabetologia 41:1124-1125, 1998.

[689]

55. Davies MJ, Raymond NT, Day JL, Hales CN, Burden AC: Impaired glucose tolerance and the fasting hyperglycaemia have different characteristics. Diabet Med 17:433-440, 2000.

[690]

56. Rathmann W, Giani G, Mielck A: Cardiovascular risk factors in newly diagnosed abnormal glucose tolerance: comparison of 1997 ADA and 1985 WHO criteria (Letter). Diabetologia 42:1268-1269, 1999.

[691]

57. The DECODE Study Group, the European Diabetes Epidemiology Group: Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria. Arch Intern Med 161:397-404, 2001.

[692]

58. The DECODE Study Group, on behalf of the European Diabetes Epidemiology Group: Is the current definition for diabetes relevant to mortality risk from all causes and cardiovascuar and noncardiovascular diseases? Diabetes Care 26:688-696, 2003.

[693]

59. Wang W, Lee ET, Fabsitz R, Welty TK, Howard BV: Using HbA1c to improve efficacy of the American diabetes association fasting plasma glucose criterion in screening for new type 2 diabetes in American Indians. Diabetes Care 25:1365-1370, 2002.

[694]

60. Barr RG, Nathan DM, Meigs JB, Singer DE: Tests of glycemia for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 137:263-272, 2002.

[695]

61. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hämäläinen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, Salminen V, Uusitupa M: Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 344:1343-1350, 2001.

[696]

62. Rusforth NB, Bennett PH, Miller M: Fasting and two-hour post-blood glucose levels for the diagnosis of diabetes: the relationship between glucose levels and complications of diabetes in the Pima Indians. Diabetologia 16:373-379, 1970.

[697]

63. Zimmet P, Whitehouse S: Bimodality of fasting and two-hour glucose tolerance distributed in a Micronesian population. Diabetes 27:793-800, 1970.

[698]

64. Smith NL, Barzilay JI, Shaffer D, Savage PJ, Heckbert SR, Kuller LH, Kronmal RA, Resnick HE, Psaty BM: Fasting and 2-hour postchallenge serum glucose measures and risk of incident cardiovascular events in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 162:209-216, 2002.

[699]

65. Gabir MM, Hanson RL, Dabelea D, Imperatore G, Roumain J, Bennett PH, Knowler WC: The 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1999 World Health Organization criteria for hyperglycemia in the diagnosis and prediction of diabetes. Diabetes Care 23:1108-1112, 2000.

[700]

66. Harris MI, Eastman RC, Cowie CC, Flegal KM, Eberhardt MS: Comparison of diabetes diagnostic categories in the U. S. population according to 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1980-1985 World Health Organization diagnostic criteria. Diabetes Care 20:1859-1862, 1997.

[701]

67. Unwin N, Shaw J, Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM: Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia: the current status on definition and intervention. Diabet Med 19:708-723, 2002.

[702]

68. Dyson PA, Hammersley MS, Morris RJ, Holman RR, Turner RC: The Fasting Hyperglycaemia Study. II. Randomized controlled trial of reinforced healthy-living advice in subjects with increased but not diabetic fasting plasma glucose. Metabolism 46 (12 Suppl. 1): 50-55, 2002

[703]

69. Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Yusuf S: The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events: a metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care 22:233-240, 1997

[704]

70. Balkau B, Bertrais S, Ducimetiere P, Eschwege E: Is there a glycemic threshold for mortality risk? Diabetes Care 22:696-699, 1997

[705]

71. Bjornholt JV, Erikssen G, Aaser E, Sandvik L, Nitter-Hauge S, Jervell J, Erikssen J, Thaulow E: Fasting blood glucose: an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death: results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men. Diabetes Care 22:45-49, 1999.

[706]

72. Fuller JH, Shipley MJ, Rose G, Jarrett RJ, Keen H: Coronary-heart-disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance: the Whitehall study. Lancet 1:1373-1376, 1980.

[707]

73. Saydah SH, Miret M, Sung J, Varas C, Gause D, Brancati FL: Postchallenge hyperglycemia and mortality in a national sample of U. S. adults. Diabetes Care 24:1397-1402, 2001.

[708]

74. de Vegt F, Dekker JM, Stehouwer CD, Nijpels G, Bouter LM, Heine RJ: Similar 9-year mortality risks and reproducibility for the World Health Organization and American Diabetes Association glucose tolerance categories: the Hoorn Study. Diabetes Care 23:40-44, 2000.

[709]

75. de Vegt F, Dekker JM, Ruhe HG, Stehouwer CD, Nijpels G, Bouter LM, Heine RJ: Hyperglycaemia is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Hoorn population: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 42:926-931, 1999.

[710]

76. The DECODE Study Group, European Diabetes Epidemiology Group: Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative analysis of diagnostic criteria in Europe: glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet 354:617-621, 1999.

[711]

77. Barzilay JI, Spiekerman CF, Wahl PW, Kuller LH, Cushman M, Furberg CD, Dobs A, Polak JF, Savage PJ: Cardiovascular disease in older adults with glucose disorders: comparison of American Diabetes Association criteria for diabetes mellitus with WHO criteria. Lancet 354:622-625, 1999.

[712]

78. Barrett-Connor E, Ferrara A: Isolated postchallenge hyperglycemia and the risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in older women and men: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabetes Care 21:1236-1239, 1998.

[713]

79. Rodriguez BL, Lau N, Burchfiel CM, Abbott RD, Sharp DS, Yano K, Curb JD: Glucose intolerance and 23-year risk of coronary heart disease and total mortality: the Honolulu Heart Program. Diabetes Care 22:1262-1265, 1999.

[714]

80. Shaw JE, Hodge AM, de Courten M, Chitson P, Zimmet PZ: Isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia confirmed as a risk factor for mortality. Diabetologia 42:1050-1054, 1999.

[715]

81. Gabir M, Hanson RL, Debelea D, Imperatore G, Rousmain J, Bennett PH, Knowler WC: Plasma glucose and prediction of microvascular disease and mortality: evaluation of 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1999 World Health Organization criteria for diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 23:1113-1118, 2000.

[716]

82. Meigs JB, Nathan DM, D'Agostino RB Sr, Wilson PW: Fasting and postchallenge glycemia and cardiovascular disease risk: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes Care 25:1845-1850, 2002.

[717]

83. Harris MI, Eastman RC: Early detection of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus: a US perspective. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 16:230-236, 2000.

[718]

84. Bogardus C, Lillioja S, Howard BV, Reaven G, Mott D: Relationships between insulin secretion, insulin action, and fasting plasma glucose concentration in nondiabetic and noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 74:1238-1246, 1984.

[719]

85. Ferrannini E, Bjorkman O, Reichard GA Jr, Pilo A, Olsson M, Wahren J, DeFronzo RA: The disposal of an oral glucose load in healthy subjects: a quantitative study. Diabetes 34:580-588, 1985.

[720]

86. DeFronzo RA: Lilly Lecture 1987: the triumvirate: beta-cell, muscle, liver: a collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes 37:667-687, 1988.

[721]

87. Weyer C, Bogardus C, Pratley RE: Metabolic characteristics of individuals with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 48:2197-2203, 1999.

[722]

88. Reaven GM: Banting Lecture 1988: role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37:1595-1607, 1988.

[723]

89. Haffner SM, Stern MP, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Patterson JK: Cardiovascular risk factors in confirmed prediabetic individuals. Does the clock for coronary heart disease start ticking before the onset of clinical diabetes? JAMA 263:2893-2898, 1990.

[724]

90. Edwards KL, Austin MA, Newman B, Mayer E, Krauss RM, Selby JV: Multivariate analysis of the insulin resistance syndrome in women. Arterioscler Thromb 14:1940-1945, 1994.

[725]

91. Meigs JB, D'Agostino RB Sr, Wilson PW, Cupples LA, Nathan DM, Singer DE: Risk variable clustering in the insulin resistance syndrome: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes 46:1594-1600, 1997.

[726]

92. Gray RS, Fabsitz RR, Cowan LD, Lee ET, Howard BV, Savage PJ: Risk factor clustering in the insulin resistance syndrome: the Strong Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 148:869-878, 1998.

[727]

93. Hanson RL, Imperatore G, Bennett PH, Knowler WC: Components of the "metabolic syndrome" and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 51:3120-3127, 2002.

[728]

94. Tuomilehto J: Point: a glucose tolerance test is important for clinical practice. Diabetes Care 25:1880-1882, 2002.

[729]

95. Olefsky JM, Reaven GM: Insulin and glucose responses to identical oral glucose tolerance tests performed forty-eight hours apart. Diabetes 23:449-453, 1974

[730]

96. Mooy JM, Grootenhuis PA, de Vries H, Kostense PJ, Popp-Snijders C, Bouter LM, Heine RJ: Intra-individual variation of glucose, specific insulin and proinsulin concentrations measured by two oral glucose tolerance tests in a general Caucasian population: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 39:298-305, 1996.

[731]

97. Eschwege E, Charles MA, Simon D, Thibult N, Balkau B: Reproducibility of the diagnosis of diabetes over a 30-month follow-up: the Paris Prospective Study. Diabetes Care 24:1941-1944, 2001

[732]

98. Stern MP, Williams K, Haffner SM: Identification of persons at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: do we need the oral glucose tolerance test? Ann Intern Med 136:575-581, 2002

[733]

99. Cheng YJ, Gregg EW, De Rekeneire N, Williams DE, Imperatore G, Caspersen CJ, Kahn HS. Muscle-Strengthening Activity and Its Association With Insulin Sensitivity. Diabetes Care 30:2264-2270, 200.

[734]

100. Deng ZY, Tao BY, et al. Effect of green tea and black tea on blood glucose, triglycerides, and antioxidants in aged rats. J Agricult Food Chem 1998;46:3875-78.

[735]

101. Gomes A et al. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of black tea (Camellia sinensis) in rat. J Ethnopharmacol 1995; 45: 223-26.

[736]

102. Tsuneki H, Ishizuka M, Terasawa M, Wu JB, Sasaoka T, Kimura I. Effect of green tea on blood glucose levels and serum proteomic patterns in diabetic (db/db) mice and on glucose metabolism in healthy humans. BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 26;4 (1):18. PMID: 15331020.

[737]

103. Gyuo Q et al. Studies on protective mechanisms of four components of green tea polyphenols against lipid peroxidation in synaptosomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996;1304:210-22.

Chapter 12 - LDL Particle Size

[738]

1. Austin, MA, Breslow JL, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Willett WC, Krauss RM. Low density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1988;260:1917-1921.

[739]

2. Austin MA, King MC, Vranizan KM, Krauss RM. Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. A proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk. Circulation. 1990;82:495-506.

[740]

3. Dreon DM, Fernstrom H, Miller B, Krauss RM. Low density lipoprotein subclass patterns and lipoprotein response to a reduced-fat diet in men. FASEB J. 1994;8:121-126.

[741]

4. Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, Krauss RM. LDL subclass patterns and lipoprotein response to a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet in women. no date.

[742]

5. Gardner CD, Fortmann SP, Krauss RM. Small low density lipoprotein particles are associated with the incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women. JAMA 1996; 276:875-881.

[743]

6. Campos H, Genest JJ Jr, Blijlevens E, McNamara JR, Jenner JL, Ordovas JM, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ. Low density lipoprotein particle size and coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992 Feb;12 (2):187-95.

[744]

7. Lamarche F, Tchernof A, Moorjani S, et al. Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles as a predictor of the risk of ischemic heart disease in men. Circulation. 1997;95:69-75.

[745]

8. Juha Vakkilainen, MD; Sari Mäkimattila, MD, MSc; Anneli Seppälä-Lindroos, MD; Satu Vehkavaara, MD; Sanni Lahdenperä, MD; Per-Henrik Groop, MD; Marja-Riitta Taskinen, MD; Hannele Yki-Järvinen, MD. Endothelial Dysfunction in Men With Small LDL Particles. Circulation. 2000;102:716-721.

[746]

9. Cris A. Slentz, Joseph A. Houmard, Johanna L. Johnson, Lori A. Bateman, Charles J. Tanner, Jennifer S. McCartney, Brian D. Duscha, and William E. Kraus. Inactivity, exercise training and detraining, and plasma lipoproteins. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. J Appl Physiol 103: 432-442, 2007.

[747]

10. Crider, Kristin. Unique Lipoprotein Phenotype and Genotype. 2 Nov. 2007. Centers for Disease Control. 11 Mar 2008.

[748]

11. Rizzo M and Berneis K. Low-density lipoprotein size and cardiovascular risk assessment. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 99 (1):1-14.

[749]

12. Krauss RM. Dietary and Genetic Probes of Atherogenic Dyslipidemia. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2005;25:2265.

[750]

13. Superko HR, Nejedly M, Garrett B. Small LDL and its clinical importance as a new CAD risk factor: a female case study. Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing 2002; 17 (4): 167-73.

[751]

14. Warnick GR, Knopp RH, Fitzpatrick V, Branson L (January 1990). Estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by the Friedewald equation is adequate for classifying patients on the basis of nationally recommended cutpoints. Clinical Chemistry 36 (1): 15-9.

[752]

15. Bioletto, Silvana, Alain Golay, Robert Munger, Barbara Kalix and Richard W. James. Acute Hyperinsulinemia and Very-Low-Density and Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions in Obese Subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (2000): 443-449.

[753]

16. Superko HR. Did grandma give you heart disease? The new battle against coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Nov 5:82 (9A);34Q-46Q.

[754]

17. Mayo Clinic Staff. "Cholesterol Test: Sorting out the Lipids." MayoClinic.com. 1 Feb. 2007. The Mayo Clinic. 11 Mar 2008.

[755]

18. Castelli WP, Anderson K, Wilson PW, Levy D. Lipids and risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Epidemiol. 1992 Jan;2 (1-2):23-8.

[756]

19. Stampfer MJ, Krauss RM, Ma J, Blanche PJ, Holl LG, Sacks FM, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of triglyceride level, low-density lipoprotein particle diameter, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1996 Sep 18;276 (11):882-8.

[757]

20. Kulkarni, KR, DW Garber, SM Marcovina and JP Segrest. Quantification of Cholesterol in all Lipoprotein Classes by the VAP-II Method. Journal of Lipid Research. 35 (1994) 159-168.

[758]

21. Singh SK, Suresh MV B Voleti and Agrawal A. The Connection Between C-reactive Protein and Atherosclerosis. Annals of Medicine. 40.2. 16 NOV 2007 110-120. 2008 Mar 20.

[759]

22. Ziajka, Paul. Using VAP Expanded Lipid Testing from Atherotech to Develop Optimal Patient Treatment Plans. 2008. Atherotech. 20 Mar 2008.