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Chapter 14
Appendices

14.1  Appendix A: Psychiatric Medications in Common Use

14.1.1  Antidepressants

14.1.1.1  Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

     Celexa (citalopram)

     Lexapro (escitalopram)

     Luvox (fluvoxamine)¹⁵⁷

     Prozac and Sarafem (fluoxetine)

     Paxil (paroxetine)

     Zoloft (sertraline)

14.1.1.2  Other Newer Antidepressants

     Cymbalta (duloxetine)

     Effexor (venlafaxine)

     Remeron (mirtazapine)

     Symbyax (Prozac + Zyprexa, a newer antipsychotic)

     Wellbutrin and Zyban (bupropion)

14.1.1.3  Older Antidepressants (partial list)

     Anafranil (clomipramine)

     Elavil (amitriptyline)

     Parnate (tranylcypromine)

     Tofranil (imipramine)

     Vivactil (protriptyline)

     Surmontil (trimipramine)

14.1.2  Stimulants

14.1.2.1  Classic Stimulants

     Adderall, Adderall XR (amphetamine mixture)

     Desoxyn (methamphetamine)¹⁶⁰

     Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine)

     Focalin, Focalin XR (dexamethylphenidate)

     Ritalin, Concerta, Daytrana (methylphenidate)

     Vyvanse (lisdextroamphetamine)

14.1.2.2  Others

     Cylert (pemoline) [no longer available]

     Strattera (atomoxetine)

14.1.3  Tranquilizers and Sleeping Pills

14.1.3.1  Benzo Tranquilizers

     Ativan (lorazepam)

     Klonopin (clonazepam)

     Librium (chlordiazepoxide)

     Serax (oxazepam)

     Tranxene (chlorazepate)

     Xanax (alprazolam)

     Valium (diazepam)

14.1.3.2  Benzo Sleeping Pills

     Dalmane (flurazepam)

     Doral (quazepam)

     Halcion (triazolam)

     ProSom (estazolam)

     Restoril (temazepam)

14.1.3.3  Non-Benzo Sleeping Pills

     Ambien (zolpidem)

     Lunesta (eszopiclone)

     Sonata (zaleplon)

14.1.4  Antipsychotic Drugs (Neuroleptics)

14.1.4.1  Newer (second- or third-generation or atypical) Antipsychotics

     Ability (aripiprazole)

     Geodon (ziprasidone)

     Invega (paliperidone)

     Risperdal (risperidone)

     Seroquel (quetiapine)

     Symbyax (olanzapine + Prozac, an SSRI antidepressant)

     Zyprexa (olanzapine)

14.1.4.2  Older Antipsychotic Drugs

     Clozaril (clozapine)

     Etrafon (antidepressant plus Trilafon)

     Haldol (haloperidol)

     Loxitane (loxapine)

     Mellaril (thioridazine)

     Moban (molindone)

     Navane (thiothixene)

     Prolixin (fluphenazine)

     Serentil (mesoridazine)

     Stelazine (trifluoperazine)

     Taractan (chlorprothixene)

     Thorazine (chlorpromazine)

     Tindal (acetophenazine)

     Trilafon (perphenazine)

     Vesprin (triflupromazine)

14.1.4.3  Antipsychotics Used for Other Medical Purposes

     Compazine (prochlorperazine)

     Inapsine (droperidol)

     Orap (pimozide)

     Phenergan (promethazine)¹⁶³

     Reglan (metoclopramide)

14.1.5  Lithium and Other Drugs Used as "Mood Stabilizers"

     Depakote (divalproex sodium) [anti-epileptic drug]

     Equetro (extended-release carbamazepine) [anti-epileptic drug]

     Lamictal (lamotrigine) [anti-epileptic drug]

     Lithobid, Lithotabs, Eskalith (lithium)

14.1.5.1  Off-Label or Unapproved Mood Stabilizers

     Catapres (clonidine) [antihypertensive drug]

     Gabitril (tiagabine)

     Neurontin (gabapentin) [anti-epileptic drug]

     Tegretol (carbamazapine) [anti-epileptic drug]

     Tenex (guanfacine) [antihypertensive drug]

     Topamax (topiramate) [anti-epileptic drug]

     Trileptal (oxcarbazepine)

14.2  Appendix B: About the Authors

14.2.1  Peter R. Breggin, M.D.

     Peter R. Breggin, M.D. has been called "the conscience of psychiatry" for his efforts to reform the mental health field, including his promotion of caring psychotherapeutic approaches and his opposition to the escalating overuse of psychiatric medications, the oppressive diagnosing and drugging of children, electroshock, lobotomy, involuntary treatment, and false biological theories.

     Dr. Breggin has been in the private practice of psychiatry since 1968, first in the Washington, D.C., area and now in Ithaca, New York. In his therapy practice, he sees individuals, couples and children with their families. As a clinical psychopharmacologist, he provides consultations and is active as a medical expert in criminal, malpractice, and product liability lawsuits, often involving the harmful effects of psychiatric drugs. He has been an expert in landmark cases involving the rights of patients.

     Since 1964 Dr. Breggin has written dozens of scientific articles and approximately twenty books. Some of his many books include "Toxic Psychiatry" ^[49], The "Heart of Being Helpful" ^[56], "Talking Back to Ritalin" ^[65], "The Antidepressant Fact Book" ^[66], and with co-author Ginger Breggin, "Talking Back to Prozac" ^[75] and "The War Against Children of Color" ^[76]. His forthcoming book, Medication Madness: 55 True Stories of Mayhem, Murder, and Suicide Caused by Psychiatric Drugs, will be published in early 2008.

     At various stages of his career he has been decades ahead of his time in warning about the dangers of lobotomy, electroshock, and more recently, antidepressant-induced suicide and violence, as well as many other recently acknowledged risks associated with psychiatric drugs. From the New York Times and Wall Street Journal to Time and Newsweek, and from Larry King Live and Oprah to 60 Minutes and 20/20, his work has been covered in major media throughout the world.

     In 1972 Dr. Breggin founded the International Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology ( www.ICSPP.org ). Originally organized to support his successful campaign to stop the resurgence of lobotomy ICSPP has become a source of support and inspiration for reform-minded professionals and lay-persons who wish to raise ethical and scientific standards in the field of mental health. In 1999 he and his wife Ginger founded ICSPP's peer-reviewed scientific journal, Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry. In 2002 they selected younger professionals to take over the center and the journal, although Dr. Breggin continues to participate in ICSPP activities.

     Dr. Breggin's background includes Harvard College, Case Western Reserve Medical School, a teaching fellowship at Harvard Medical School, three years of residency training in psychiatry, a two-year staff assignment at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and several teaching appointments including the George Mason University Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution and the johns Hopkins University Department of Counseling.

     Dr. Breggin's website is:

14.2.1.1  Books by Peter R. Breggin, M.D.

     "College Students in a Mental Hospital: Contribution to the Social Rehabilitation of the Mentally Ill" (jointly authored) (1962)

     "Electroshock: It's Brain-disabling Effects"

     "The Psychology of Freedom: Liberty and Love as a Way of Life" (1980)

     "Psychiatric Drugs: Hazards to the Brain" (1983)

     "Toxic Psychiatry: Why Therapy, Empathy and Love Must Replace the Drugs, Electroshock and Biochemical Theories of the `New Psychiatry' " (1991) ^[49]

     "Beyond Conflict: From Self-Help and Psychotherapy to Peacemaking" (1992) ^[51]

     "Talking Back to Prozac" (coauthor Ginger Breggin) (1994) ^[75]

     "Psychosocial Approaches to Deeply Disturbed Persons" (coeditor E. Mark Stern) (1996)

     "Brain-Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry: Drugs, Electroshock and the Role of the FDA" (1997) ^[55]

     "The Heart of Being Helpful: Empathy and the Creation of a Healing Presence" (1997) ^[56]

     "The War Against Children of Color: Psychiatry Targets Inner City Children" (coauthor Ginger Breggin) (1998), Revision of "The War Against Children" (1994) ^[76]

     "Reclaiming Our Children: A Healing Plan to a Nation in Crisis" (2000) ^[64]

     "Talking Back to Ritalin", revised edition (2001) ^[65]

     "The Antidepressant Fact Book" (2001) ^[66]

     "Dimensions of Empathic Therapy" (coeditors Ginger Breggin and Fred Bemak) (2002)

     "The Ritalin Fact Book" (2002) ^[67]

14.2.2  David Cohen, Ph.D., L.C.S.W.

     David Cohen is Professor of Social Work at Florida International University in Miami. As a licensed clinical social worker, Dr. Cohen works with adults and children and consults on legal cases. He is often consulted by individuals and families who wish to wean themselves off psychiatric drugs.

     Dr. Cohen holds degrees in psychology and social welfare from McGill University; Carleton University and the University of California - Berkeley. He was previously a professor at University of Montreal and has been a visiting professor at Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Scientifique (INSERM) in France.

     Dr. Cohen has authored or coauthored more than 100 publications, and received the Elliot Freidson Award for Outstanding Publication in Medical Sociology from the American Sociological Association in 2003. His edited books include "Challenging the Therapeutic State" (1990) ^[107] and "Tardive Dyskinesia and Cognitive Dysfunction" (1993). His French-language books include "Médicalisation et Contrôle Social" (1994) and "Guide Critique Ales Médicaments de l'Âme" (1995). He recently edited with Gwynedd Lloyd and Joan Stead - "Critical New Perspectives on ADHD" (2006, winner of the NASEN/Times Educational Supplement Prize for best academic book ^[104]).

     Dr. Cohen's research has included large-scale surveys of psychotropic prescription practices, clinical investigations of drug-induced movement disorders, and in-depth qualitative inquiries of consumers' perceptions of psychotropic drug effects. His research is grounded in critical perspectives on individual, professional, and social uses of prescribed psychotropic drugs. Dr. Cohen is presently designing and evaluating a publicly-funded, evidence-based curriculum based on critical thinking about psychotropic drugs for non-medical mental health professionals.

     More about Dr. Cohen and his work can be found at:

14.2.2.1  Books by David Cohen, Ph.D.

     "Critical New Perspectives on ADHD" (coeditors Gwynedd Lloyd and Joan Stead) (2006) ^[104]

     "Drug Abuse and Dependence on Psychotropic Medications Among Women, Older Persons, and Children" (coauthor Johanne Collin) (1998)*

     "Critical Handbook of Psychiatric Drugs" (coauthors Suzanne Cailloux-Cohen and AGIDD, 1995)*

     "Psychotropic Drugs: Psychosocial Aspects" (coeditor Guilhème Pérodeau) (1997)*

     "Médicalisation et Contrôle Social [Medicalization and Social Control]" (coeditor Louise Bouchard) (1994)*

     "Challenging the Therapeutic State: Further Disquisitions on the Mental Health System" (1994) ^[108]

     "Tardive Dyskinesia and Cognitive Dysfunction" (coeditor Henri Cohen) (1993)

     "Challenging the Therapeutic State: Critical Perspectives on Psychiatry and the Mental Health System" (1990) ^[107]

     *published in French

14.3  Appendix C: The International Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology

     The International Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology (ICSPP) is a nonprofit international center for professionals and non-professionals who want to raise ethical and scientific standards in psychology and psychiatry. The board of directors, advisory council, and membership include hundreds of professionals in many fields spanning psychology; counseling, social work, nursing, psychiatry and other medical specialties, neuroscience, education, religion, and law, as well as concerned laypersons.

     Founded in 1971 by psychiatrist Peter R. Breggin, M.D., ICSPP began it's successful reform efforts with opposition to the international resurgence of psychosurgery. ICSPP has also opposed the use of electroshock treatment, the rampant escalation in the use of psychiatric drugs, and coercive psychiatry in general. In the mid-1990s ICSPP organized a campaign that caused the U.S. government to withdraw it's proposed "violence initiative", a government-wide program that called for intrusive biomedical experiments on inner-city children in the hope of demonstrating biological and genetic causes of violence. Some of ICSPP's most recent reform efforts are directed at the growing trend to psychiatrically diagnose and medicate children. Because of it's many successful efforts on behalf of truthfulness and justice in the psychosocial and biomedical sciences, ICSPP has been called "the conscience of psychiatry".

     ICSPP has divisions in North America, Europe, and Australia. The center offers a general membership. It publishes a newsletter and maintains an active Web site that features commentaries about contemporary problems in the human sciences. Each year ICSPP hosts a national conference that is open to the public.

     ICSPP sponsors a peer-reviewed journal, "Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry", published by Springer Publishing Company. The journal features scientific papers, reviews and commentaries that raise the level of ethical awareness concerning research, theory, and practice. The journal examines issues in contemporary human services with critical analyses that span the psychosocial and biomedical sciences.

     In 2002 Dr. Breggin and his wife Ginger Breggin passed leadership of ICSPP to younger professionals and Dominick Riccio, Ph.D., a New York City psychologist, is currently the international director. Meanwhile, Dr. Breggin continues to make presentations at the ICSPP national conferences and to contribute to the journal. None of the leaders of ICSPP are paid. Everyone is a devoted volunteer.

     Information about ICSPP membership, the journal, national meetings, and other activities can be obtained on the centers website, www.icspp.org . An annual subscription to the journal is included in the membership. Membership currently costs only $100 per year, including the journal. By supporting ICSPP, you support the reform movement in psychiatry; by joining ICSPP you can meet and communicate with concerned professionals and laypersons who share your desire to raise the level of ethical conduct, critical awareness, and genuine science within psychiatry and psychology

14.3.1  International Counselors of Social Workers, Psychiatrists, Psychologists & Educators

     Peter R. Breggin, MD, is no longer affiliated with the Center for the Study of Psychiatry, informally known as International Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology, which he founded and led from 1972-2002, and Dr. Breggin is no longer involved in its annual October conference. On September 8, 2010, a FORUM binding Arbitration Panel reaffirmed Dr. Breggin's ownership and control of the URL icspp.org and supported his right to direct the URL to this new website that is called: ICSPP - International Counselors Social Workers, Psychiatrists, Psychologists & Educators - hosted at www.icspp.org.

14.4  Appendix D: The Alliance for Human Research Protection

     Founded in 2001, the Alliance for Human Research Protection (AHRP) is a national network of laypeople and professionals dedicated to advancing responsible and ethical medical research practices, to minimizing the risks associated with such endeavors, and to ensuring that the human rights, dignity and welfare of human subjects are protected.

     Much of what passes as knowledge on the effects of psychiatric drugs has been obtained in clinical trials and other studies involving human subjects. AHRP has been in the forefront of efforts documenting how the design, conduct, and findings of such studies are tainted by conflicts of interest resulting from the drug industry's funding and control of clinical trials.

     By means of daily infomails, public testimonies and conferences, education, media exposure, and appeals to conscience and social justice, AHRP stands up and speaks out for the human rights of research subjects - especially those who are vulnerable or susceptible to coercion and exploitation, such as disadvantaged children, older persons with impaired reasoning capacity, disadvantaged populations living in underdeveloped countries, as well as prisoners and members of the armed forces.

     AHRP's daily infomails serve as catalysts for public debate. They contain exceedingly useful information for patients and their families, journalists, academics, lawyers and advocates, and other concerned observers. Nearly all of the AHRP's work is performed by unpaid volunteers, who donate both time and other resources to the organization. Thus, AHRP offers a unique point of view, untarnished by conflicts of interest. Its Web site offers an extensive archive of searchable materials, news reports, and other documents. AHRP is a nonprofit, tax-exempt educational organization under Section 501C-3 of the Internal Revenue Code.

     To sign up to receive infomails, join or make a donation to AHRP, or search the AHRP databases, visit:

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