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MANY AUTHORS comment as K. H. Bauer says in his book: The Cancer Problem (page 116) translated, "one encounters again and again in the literature the conviction: the riddle of cancer can be solved by chemistry of enzymes ..."101 or by biochemistry as Dr. Radvin reported in the Senate Hearing 1957.
I think it will not be this way. It should be pointed out: the conditions in the cells have to be basically and functionally changed first; the whole metabolism in each cell is pathologically transformed in its protein and fat digestion and exchange. That change transforms automatically the enzyme-metabolisms which are adjustments to the preceding pathologies.
"Practically all reactions which occur in organisms can be attributed to the action of the enzymes."102 The enzymes have an "extremely specific action," in order to make a reaction take place a certain resistance in the cell is to be overcome. That means: the molecules within the cells must be activated; a certain amount of activation energy has to be supplied by the body: for example - in the cells glycogen is broken down to carbon dioxide and water by a large number of enzymatic reactions. This is the most simple cell metabolic function and maintained for the longer period, while protein and fat metabolisms are in the same cells and at the same time quicker and farther reaching deranged.
"Enzymes function as they are mostly organized in chain reactions - some are inextricably connected with the living organism, they can not be extracted, with intact activity, from cells or tissues." Therefore two types of enzymes were in existence (discernable):
Enzymes can be reactivated in the liver and have to be supplied to the cells.
The consequences for the cancer therapy are, that for the restoration of enzymatic functions the content of the cells has to be restored. That is impossible in cancer cells - possible and necessary in the other cells.
All investigators found that malignant tumors are characterized by a considerable electronegativity in the tissues and fluids. Starting from this premise, I looked over the accumulations of minerals in normal and abnormal tissues and their electropolarity. I found a center of high electronegativity in the thyroid, based upon the accumulation of an extracellular group. The classification in extracellular (negative) and intracellular (positive) substances is correct for inorganic minerals in electrical currents.103 In biological experiments of living tissue, however, Hoeber discovered some striking deviations, confirmed by later authors, Matsuo, Wilbrand, and others.
The following table consists of the classical lyophile groups from Hofmeister and Spiro in the order of Hoeber's findings: [Contrary to the findings in inorganic electrochemistry K (potassium) is negative, traveling to the anode (Waelsch 1934) while Na. I. Br. is electropositive, traveling to the cathode (Keller 1930). In this book and other literature the minerals are characterized as positive according to the organs where they are deposited in the majority.]
| Electropositive | Borderline | Electronegative |
| Li, Na, Al, Fl | Ca. | Rb, Cs, K, NH3 |
| CNS, I, No3 Br | Cl | Acetate, SO4, PO4, tartrate. |
This table shows the antagonism of the extracellular group - positivating, to the intracellular group - negativating (both according to Hoeber).
As the first step, it was found that the minerals are deposited preponderantly either in the positive or negative sense in the organs of the body. As a consequence, one could differentiate the organs in prevalent positive or negative organs, as confirmed by measurements made by Kaunitz and Schober.
As a second step, it was revealed that many organic substances show a characteristic electric charge by being accumulatcd predominantly in more positive organs or in more negative fluids, connective tissue, thyroid, spleen, parietal cells, spermatozoas, growing malignancies.
As a further step, I tried to study the distribution of enzymes in different organs; there it appears to be a characteristic classification of one kind of enzymes in these and another kind of enzymes in other organs.
For some years, H. S. Burr and his collaborators published many significant facts concerning the electropolarity of malignant growth. The first important discovery was the observation that a bioelectrical alteration was found to precede the tumor development, and the second, that all malignant tumors are electronegative! The late G. W. Crile, and his collaborators, M. Telkes and A. F. Rowland, found a decreased electric polarization and an increased electric conductivity in malignant tumors which may be caused, in my opinion, by the greater sodium content in the growing part of the tumor (Goodman and others). Several investigators found, without exception, malignant tumor tissue negative by 10-20 millivolts with unpolarizable electrodes, whereas by using redox electrodes greater potentials were found which amounted to 100 millivolts and more, as unpolarizable electrode measures the ions and metal electrodes the electrons.
As one indicator for electropolarity, there was found, for instance, the distribution between blood corpuscles (intracellular, the electronegative substances) and serum (extracellular, positive substances). As another factor, there could be used the accumulation in organs such as the liver, nerve, brain, muscle, cortex of kidney or the acinus of pancreas, all preponderantly positive organs storing mostly negative intracellular matter whereas the cutis of the skin, medulla of the kidney, colloid of the thyroid and thymus, stomach and distal intestinal mucosa, bile capillaries and the connective tissues attract positive from extracellular matter, repelling normally the other. I have selected an author who did not use the word electricity in his biochemical works and does not propagate any hypothesis. The following tables are examples taken from Jesse P. Greenstein's tables.104
| 3 positive enzymes | |||
| Arginase | Catalase | Cytochrom- | |
| oxidase | |||
| Positive structures | |||
| Liver | 246 | 8.00 | 8 |
| Muscle skel. | 4 | 0.01 | 6 |
| Brain | 3 | 0.00 | 10 |
| Negative structures | |||
| Spleen | 6 | 0.12 | 2 |
| Skin | 27 | 0.01 | ... |
| Thymus | 2 | 0.00 | ... |
| Gastric mucosa | 4 | 0.00 | 1 |
| 2 negative enzymes | ||
| Alk. | Depolymerase | |
| Phosphatase | thymonuclease | |
| Positive structures | ||
| Liver | 4 | 14 |
| Muscle skel. | 2 | 12 |
| Brain | 12 | 4 |
| Negative structures | ||
| Spleen | 17 | 16 |
| Skin | 5 | 10 |
| Thymus | 2 | 3 |
| Gastric mucosa | 17 | 6 |
If one knows two factors he has indications for the third one: For example, if one knows the electropolarity of the organ, where the minerals travel in the electric current and can find where they are accumulated, he can separate or describe them in antagonistic groups. Or if one knows the electropolarity of an organ and finds e certain mineral or enzyme accumulated there, he can designate their electropolarity simultaneously with the antagonism of the two groups. One group of minerals has a specific electropolarity biologically, simultaneously it has another enzyme-system (third factor).
One may learn from these figures that there is a distinct tendency of a certain type of enzyme to travel with the intracellular substances while the other type prefers the extracellular route. However, there are sufficient contradictory results to demonstrate that the electric factor alone is not a deciding factor, regulating all different kinds of exchanges in form of accumulation or repulsion.
In Table III of the same volume there is more favorable evidence for the electrical viewpoint. For instance, the catalase in the normal adult liver is 6.8. In the regenerating liver, which is also very positive, it is also 6.8. In the fetal liver, which is always found to be more negative, it is 0.4 and in hepatoma it is 0.0. With alkaline phosphatase, however, the order is reversed. This biologically positive enzyme - alkaline phosphatase, is usually one to four, for normal adult liver, 27 for fetal liver and 542 for hepatoma.105
The survey of Jesse P. Greenstein is not too unfavorable to the electrostatic theory. There the figures are again in the order of the more negative and more positive organs.106 The malignant tumors behave always as negative structures. The example taken from this table is the cytochrome C (See Table 2, this chapter) which is found deficient in all malignant tissues like the identical minerals in the positive or negative organs; we may assume that it is moving about in the cells like the positive and negative minerals (See Table 1, this chapter). Such a perfect agreement between minerals and enzymes is probably the exception and not the rule.
| Positive Tissues | |
| Heart | 2.34 |
| Kidney | 1.36 |
| Skel. muscle | 0.68 |
| Brain | 0.35 |
| Liver | 0.24 |
| Spleen | 0.21 |
| (usually more on the negative side) | |
| Negative Tissues | |
| Embryo early | .01 |
| Embryo late | .181 |
| Tumor R 256 | .02 |
| Tumor R 39 | .03 |
| Tumor spontaneous | .01 |
For a comparison, here is a survey of the potassium of the organs of a rabbit, according to the analyses of W. O. Fenn (see Table 3, this chapter) who analyzed the organs first chemically and compared what he discovered with their contents in radioactive potassium. This table shows that the proportion of the activity of the organs for newly injected potassium is not identical with their contents in another stage, and it is also not perfectly identical with other analyses of the same animal in other stages or with the contents of other biologically negative or intracellular metals or organic compounds; but in all cases there is a close similarity of the distribution of many enzymes to the avidity for radioactive isotopes.
| TABLE III - In positive organs | ||
| Potassium | Radio Isotope | |
| Muscle | 119.0 | 1.50 |
| Testis | 101.0 | 1.50 |
| Liver | 87.0 | 2.40 |
| Intestine | 90.0 | 1.90 |
| Heart | 89.0 | 5.60 |
| Lung | 89.0 | 2.10 |
| Brain | 87.0 | 0.14 |
| Kidney | 60.0 | 1.50 |
| Nerve | 50.0 | 0.20 |
| Bone | 25.6 | 0.22 |
| Skin | 27.0 | 0.60 |
| Plasma | 5.5 | 0.15 |
In such tissues as the liver, lung, bone, and testis, the figures for intracellular matter alone do not give an accurate picture because these organs contain large amounts of the antagonistic groups. The bones, moreover, are a crystalline solid substance which contain large amounts out of proportion with the contents in protoplasmatic water-rich tissues. The high K-content of testis is also surprising.
Now another example of a positive mineral traveling mostly to the negative organs.
| TABLE IV | |
| In Positive Organs | |
| Liver | 0.41 |
| (bile system) neg | |
| Brain | 0.08 |
| Muscle | 0.01 |
| Red cells | 0.01 |
| Pancreas | 0.47 |
| (islands negative) | |
| In Negative Organs | |
| Kidney | 0.30 |
| (cortex positive, medulla negative) | |
| Spleen | 0.18 |
| Lungs | 0.17 |
| Thyroid | 0.15 |
| Stomach | 0.24 |
| Intestines | 0.81 |
| (muc. membrane negative; | |
| muscle, nerves positive) | |
The methods of determination of enzymes have not yet reached the accuracy of the modern determination of minerals. Even the figures for sulfide sulphur in the very accurate radioactive counter method give rather different results; for instance, in only four rats used in experiments by D. D. Dziewiakowski, twice the maximum was found in muscle and twice in skin, the minimum twice in liver, once in skin, once in hair.108
The concentration of the enzymes is varied at different times in different animals and cannot be compared with inorganic analytical results as analyzed by present methods. With regard to the great difficulties in arriving at a correct approach to an enzyme distribution in comparison with the mineral distribution, there is still a remarkable possibility of indication in the antagonism. One has to keep in mind that enzymatic action is fundamentally influenced by chemical factors other than electropolarity: the comparison with electropolarity may in one or another case also be a help in controlling enzyme analyses.
The electric factor of the movement of ferments is only one of many in various organs.
Following are the values of Qt in different rat tissues of glutamic acid and pyruvic acid.109
| heart | 7 |
| Skel. muscle | 13 |
| brain | 2 |
| liver | 46 |
| kidney | 3 |
M. G. Kritzmann reported questionable transaminase activity in malignant tissues and none in smooth muscle (chicken gizzard), lung, erythrocytes.110 Also Euler, Gunther, and Forsmann, found low transamination values for malignancy.111
If this theoretical approach is useful, and if the distribution of the organic substances is predominantly influenced by their electric charge, then we may hope to find out in which organ these extracellular and intracellular substances are stored. When we find in which organs to locate the reserve stores of (a) minerals, (b) organic substances, (c) the kind of electropolarity, then it will be possible to localize the different enzymes, too.
The most striking feature in this review of tables is that the liver parenchyma is the most positively charged organ containing very often most of the intracellular group, whereas the thyroid is the most negatively charged organ containing a marked accumulation of the extracellular group ([(60 Na)/(40 K)] in milliequivalents). It is remarkable that the enzymes are distributed according to these interpretations, in liver, muscle and heart on one side, and in thyroid, spleen and malignancies on the other side.